Chapter 25: Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?
- Air passageway
- Gas exchange
- external respiration
- internal respiration - Gas conditioning
- Detection of odors (adaptation)
- Sound production
Name the two divisions of the respiratory system.
- Structural
- upper respiratory tract
- lower respiratory tract - Functional
- conducting
- respiratory
List the structural organization of the upper and lower respiratory tract.
URT
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
LRT
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchiole
- terminal brochioles
List the functional organization of the conducting and respiratory zone.
Conducting Zone:
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchiole
- terminal bronchiole
Respiratory Zone:
- respiratory bronchiole
- alveolar duct
- alveoli
Identify the hills and valleys of the nose/nasal cavity.
Hills (green)
- Superior nasal concha
- Middle nasal concha
- Inferior nasal concha
Valleys (pink)
- Superior meatus
- Middle meatus
- Inferior meatus
Name the paranasal sinuses.
- Frontal
- Ethmoidal
- Sphenoidal
- Maxillary
List the structures of the pharynx superior to inferior.
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Identify the structures of the nasopharynx and the tissue type.
- superior to soft palate
- Auditory tubes in lateral walls
- single pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
Tissue type: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Identify the structures of the oropharynx and the tissue type.
- Soft palate to hyoid bone
- Palatine tonsils
- Linguinal tonsils at base of tongue
Tissue type: nonkeritanized stratified squamous epithelium (for abrasion)
Identify the structures of the laryngopharynx and the tissue type.
- Inferior to hyoid bone to superior boarder of esophagus
- Esophagus
Tissue type: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
List the components of the LRT conducting portion.
Larynx (voicebox) > trachea (wind pipe) > bronchi > bronchioles
List the components of the LRT respiratory portion.
respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveoli
Identify the larynx major cartilages.
Thyroid cartilage
- largest cartilage
- laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple)
Identify the larynx major cartilage.
Cricoid cartilage
- ring shaped cartilage
- inferior to thyroid cartilage
Identify the larynx major cartilage.
Epiglottis
- projects superiorly into pharynx
- deglutittion
List the minor cartilages of the larynx.
Pink: corniculate cartilage
Orange: arytenoid cartilage
Determine the cartilages and ligaments used for sound production.
- Vocal folds
- cuneiform cartilage
- corniculate cartilage
- vocal ligament
What are C-shaped tracheal cartilages connected by?
Trachealis muscle
What is the tissue type of the trachea?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Explain the division of the LRT bronchiole tree.
Right lung:
- Right primary bronchus
- secondary bronchus = 3 lobes
- 10 tertiary bronchus
Left lung:
- Left primary bronchus
- secondary bronchus = 2 lobes
- (8-10) tertiary bronchus
Do bronchioles have cartilage?
No
What is the tissue type of bronchioles?
simple ciliated columnar epithelium
Identify the LRT respiratory portion of the respiration system.
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Pulmonary alveoli
Terminal bronchioles branch into ….
respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles branch into ….
alveolar ducts
Alveolar ducts end with small saccular outpocketings called:
alveoli
Alveoli is the site of:
gas exchange
Identify this type of alveolar cell and its function.
Alveolar type I cell
- simple squamous epithelial
- promotes rapid diffusion
Identify this type of alveolar cell and its function.
Alveolar type II cell
- produces pulmonary surfactant
- decreases surface tension within the alveoli to prevents the collapse of the alveoli
The gas exchange occurs between alveolar type I cells and capillaries to form which membrane?
Respiratory membrane
The respiratory membrane diffuses CO2 and O2 in or out of which membrane?
- CO2 diffuses out of erythrocyte through plasma membrane of capillary cell
- O2 diffuses into hemoglobin of erythrocyte (capillary) from the type I alveolar plasma membrane
Identify this cell and its function.
Cell type: Alveolar macrophage
Function: immune cell
- engulfs microorganism or dust/cell debris
Identify the following pleura layers and cavity of the lungs.
- parietal pleura (outer layer)
- visceral pleura (organ-inner)
- pleural cavity (potential space)
The hilum of the lungs composes which structures?
- Bronchi
- pulmonary vessels
- lymphatic vessels
- nerves
Identify this lung, left or right.
Left
Identify the structures of the left lung.
- Cardiac impression (medial surface)
- Cardiac notch (anterior surface)
- Oblique fissure (separates superior and inferior lobes)
Identify this lung, left or right.
Right
Identify the structures of the right lung.
- Oblique fissures
- horizontal fissures (superior, middle, and inferior lobes)
How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the left and right lung?
Left: 8-10
Right: 10
Describe the process of pulmonary circulation.
Branch of the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs > alveoli > picks up O2 in the capillaries > arteriole > venule > pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood back to the heart
