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BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 6 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what happens when you get a vaccination

A

a small amount of dead inactive disease is injected
white blood cells produce antibodies quickly
memory cells know how to make them quickly
immune to future injections by that pathogen

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2
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when such a large percentage of the population is immune the disease is practically wiped out

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3
Q

what do antiseptics do

A

kill microorganisms in environment

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4
Q

what do antibiotics do

A

kill bacteria in body

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5
Q

what do antibodies do

A

produced wbcs to destroy pathogens

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6
Q

what is an antigen

A

what the antibodies bind to to destroy the pathogen

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7
Q

what cant you use medication against

A

viruses

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8
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

they kill or damage the bacteria cells without hurting the bodys own cells

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9
Q

why don’t antibiotics work against viruses

A

the viruses take over the existing body cells so you can kill them without damaging the bodys own cells

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10
Q

how was penicillin discovered

A

fleming saw that something had killed the mould developing on his culture plates which was later found to be penicillin

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11
Q

what are the new drugs tested for

A

toxicity efficacy dosage

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12
Q

what is the first stage of testing and what does it involve

A

pre clinical trails tested on cells tissues and animals

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13
Q

what is the second stage of testing and what does it involve

A

clinical trails tested in small doses on healthy volunteers

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14
Q

what is a double blind trail

A

neither the patients or doctors know who has the drug and who has the placebo

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15
Q

what is a placebo

A

a dummy drug used to test the effect of the real one

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16
Q

what is a hybridoma

A

a combination of lymphocytes and tumour cells

17
Q

what is a monoclonal antibody

A

proteins cloned from the same hybridoma to target a certain type of cells

18
Q

what is a lymphocyte

A

a cells that produces antibodies but cant divide

19
Q

what is a tumour cells

A

something that can divide but cant make antibodies

20
Q

where are monoclonal antiobodies used at the minute

A

pregnancy test, to diagnose diseases, treating disease research and monitoring

21
Q

what is the magic bullet theory for cancer treatment

A

monoclonal antibodies will bind to specific antigens found on cancer cells so by attaching a drug to them they act like a bullet and specifically target cancer cells

22
Q

what are three ways in which monoclonal antibodies kill cancer cells

A

tumour stops growing
the magic bullet
theory with drugs they trigger the immune system to target the cancer cells

23
Q

advantages of monoclonal antibodies

A

bind directly to desired pathogen

healthy cells not affected can be used to treat a wide range of conditions

24
Q

disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

A

progress is slow, expensive and difficult

the mouse antibodies triggered an immune response there is the danger of the tumour cells rapidly growing to make cancer

25
Q

how do bacteria make you feel ill

A

they make toxins which damage cells and tissues

26
Q

how do viruses work

A

they replicate themselves inside the body an live inside your cells, when the cell bursts the new virus pathogens are released

27
Q

what is a protist and how does it work

A

a disease carrying organism which attaches itself to a vector to distribute the disease

28
Q

how are pathogens spread

A

water
air
direct contact

29
Q

cons of vaccines 2

A

eradicated certain diseases

epidemics can be prevented

30
Q

difference between paracetamol and penicillin

A

paracetamol curses symptoms but antibodies kill bacteria

31
Q

why are medicines first tested on healthy volunteers

A

to make sure they don’t have any harmful side effects when the body is healthy

32
Q

why are the results from drug trails assessed by peer review

A

to prevent false claims

33
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests

A

in pregnant women, hcg is produced
it binds to antibodies on the urine bit of the stick
hcg moves up the stick and carries antibodies and blue dye
it gets stuck to the test strip and it turn blue

34
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used to deliver drugs

A

they carry it straight to the tumour and deposit it there

35
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used to stop rumour growing

A

they bind to the receptor site so the growth stimulating molecule cant bind to cell

BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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