CHAPTER 6 Flashcards
what happens when you get a vaccination
a small amount of dead inactive disease is injected
white blood cells produce antibodies quickly
memory cells know how to make them quickly
immune to future injections by that pathogen
what is herd immunity
when such a large percentage of the population is immune the disease is practically wiped out
what do antiseptics do
kill microorganisms in environment
what do antibiotics do
kill bacteria in body
what do antibodies do
produced wbcs to destroy pathogens
what is an antigen
what the antibodies bind to to destroy the pathogen
what cant you use medication against
viruses
how do antibiotics work
they kill or damage the bacteria cells without hurting the bodys own cells
why don’t antibiotics work against viruses
the viruses take over the existing body cells so you can kill them without damaging the bodys own cells
how was penicillin discovered
fleming saw that something had killed the mould developing on his culture plates which was later found to be penicillin
what are the new drugs tested for
toxicity efficacy dosage
what is the first stage of testing and what does it involve
pre clinical trails tested on cells tissues and animals
what is the second stage of testing and what does it involve
clinical trails tested in small doses on healthy volunteers
what is a double blind trail
neither the patients or doctors know who has the drug and who has the placebo
what is a placebo
a dummy drug used to test the effect of the real one
what is a hybridoma
a combination of lymphocytes and tumour cells
what is a monoclonal antibody
proteins cloned from the same hybridoma to target a certain type of cells
what is a lymphocyte
a cells that produces antibodies but cant divide
what is a tumour cells
something that can divide but cant make antibodies
where are monoclonal antiobodies used at the minute
pregnancy test, to diagnose diseases, treating disease research and monitoring
what is the magic bullet theory for cancer treatment
monoclonal antibodies will bind to specific antigens found on cancer cells so by attaching a drug to them they act like a bullet and specifically target cancer cells
what are three ways in which monoclonal antibodies kill cancer cells
tumour stops growing
the magic bullet
theory with drugs they trigger the immune system to target the cancer cells
advantages of monoclonal antibodies
bind directly to desired pathogen
healthy cells not affected can be used to treat a wide range of conditions
disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies
progress is slow, expensive and difficult
the mouse antibodies triggered an immune response there is the danger of the tumour cells rapidly growing to make cancer
how do bacteria make you feel ill
they make toxins which damage cells and tissues
how do viruses work
they replicate themselves inside the body an live inside your cells, when the cell bursts the new virus pathogens are released
what is a protist and how does it work
a disease carrying organism which attaches itself to a vector to distribute the disease
how are pathogens spread
water
air
direct contact
cons of vaccines 2
eradicated certain diseases
epidemics can be prevented
difference between paracetamol and penicillin
paracetamol curses symptoms but antibodies kill bacteria
why are medicines first tested on healthy volunteers
to make sure they don’t have any harmful side effects when the body is healthy
why are the results from drug trails assessed by peer review
to prevent false claims
how are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests
in pregnant women, hcg is produced
it binds to antibodies on the urine bit of the stick
hcg moves up the stick and carries antibodies and blue dye
it gets stuck to the test strip and it turn blue
how are monoclonal antibodies used to deliver drugs
they carry it straight to the tumour and deposit it there
how are monoclonal antibodies used to stop rumour growing
they bind to the receptor site so the growth stimulating molecule cant bind to cell
