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BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 15 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did gregor mendel do

A

he noticed that characteristics in pea plants were passed down from one generation to the next

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2
Q

why did no one understand mendel’s theory at first

A

no one knew about chromosomes or genes

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3
Q

when was mendels work finally accepted

A

16 years after his death

1884

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4
Q

What happened in the late 19th century

A

behaviour of chromosomes during cell division was observed

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5
Q

what were the three conclusions mendel reached

A

1 characteristics in plants are determined by hereditary units
2 hereditary units were passed unchanged from parents to offspring
3 hereditary units can be dominant or recessive and there must be two recessive for it to show

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6
Q

what happened in the early 20th century

A

it was observed that there were striking similarities between chromosomes and mendels units. his unit was discovered to be a gene

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7
Q

what were mendels hereditary units

A

genes

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8
Q

who were in the rivalling teams studying dna

A

rosalind franklin and maurice wilkins

james watson and francis crick

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9
Q

what were franklin and wilkins doing

A

they were looking at the structures of dna using x rays

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10
Q

what were crick and watson doing

A

they were trying to build a 3d model of dna to explain how it works

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11
Q

how was the double helix model of dna discovered

A

watson and crick used franklins picture

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12
Q

what is lamarcks theory of evolution

A

the more an organism uses a certain feature the more it develops and grows
these useful characteristics are then passed onto the animals children

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13
Q

what was the main problem with lamarcks idea

A

his experiments didn’t support his hypothesis -

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14
Q

what is the accepted theory of evolution

A

all of todays species evolved from simple life forms that started to develop 3 billion years ago

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15
Q

what impact did the south american rheas have on darwin

A

there were two different types of bird in two different environments - this would support natural selection

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16
Q

under the linnean system of classification what was the largest group

A

a kingdom

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17
Q

what did carl woese do

A

proposed the idea of the 3-domain system

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18
Q

how were the new models of classification developed

A

knowledge and understanding of biochemical processes and microscopes improved

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19
Q

what were the three domains in woese’s system

A

archaea
bacteria
eukaryota

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20
Q

what are archaea

A

primitive forms of bacteria

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21
Q

example of archaea

A

extremophiles

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22
Q

how many kingdoms are in the archaea domain and what are they

A

1 archaebacteria

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23
Q

example of bacteria

A

ecoli

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24
Q

how many kingdoms are in the bacteria domain and what are they

A

eubacteria 1

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25
Q

what are eukaryota

A

organisms with nuclei that contain genetic material

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26
Q

example of eukaryota

A

animals

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27
Q

how many kingdoms are in the eukaryota domain and what are they

A

protista
fungi
plants
animals

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28
Q

what are evolutionary trees

A

a diagram showing how species are related to each other

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29
Q

how are evolutionary trees for living animals created

A

by looking at dna

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30
Q

how are evolutionary trees for extinct animals created

A

by using fossil records

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31
Q

what is classification

A

the grouping of organisms to their similarities

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32
Q

what did carl linnaeus propose

A

a classification system where organisms were grouped according to their characteristics

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33
Q

what were the 7 groups linnaeus created

A 
kingdom
phylum
class
order 
family
group 
species
34
Q

what is a species

A

a group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring

35
Q

under what system are organisms named

A

the bi-nomial system

36
Q

who proposed the bi-nomial system

A

Linnaeus

37
Q

what language is the bi-nomial naming system in

A

latin

38
Q

what are three rules for writing scientific names q

A

the first name is the genus and is written with a capital letter
the second name is the species and is written without a capital
the name is underlined when hand written or in italics when printed

39
Q

why were new models of classification proposed

A

improvements in understanding and knowledge of biochemical processes improvements in microscopes

40
Q

how do bacteria become antibiotics resistant

A

they develop a mutation which allows them to survive breed and pass on the resistant allele leading to a whole species becoming resistant

41
Q

what is a superbug

A

a bacteria strain that is resistant to most known antibiotics

42
Q

example of a superbug

A

MRSA

43
Q

3 ways to prevent more strains of resistant bacteria being created

A

not using antibiotics
patients must Finnish their whole course of antibiotics
the agricultural use of antibiotics is being restricted

44
Q

why is it important to finish the whole course of antibiotics

A

To ensure all bacteria are destroyed so none are left to mutate and become resistant

45
Q

why do antibiotics do to contribute to antibiotic resistance

A

they created a situation where the competitors have been killed so these bacteria have an advantage and increase in numbers

46
Q

examples of hygiene to stop spreading bacteria 3

A

medical stage wash hands regularly
infected invidivuals should be isolated
visitors should wash hands thoroughly

47
Q

problems with the development of new antibiotics

A

progress is slow and expensive

48
Q

what is the main cause of extinction throughout history

A

changes to the environment and climate

49
Q

how can we tell when there have been mass extinction

A

fossil evidence - huge numbers of species will disappear

50
Q

when was the most recent mass extinction and what happened

A

65 million years ago, dinosaurs became extinct

51
Q

what is the main idea of what caused extinction of dinosaurs

A

a giant asteroid hitting earth

52
Q

evidence to support the idea of an asteroid killing dinosaurs 3

A

huge crater in mexico

lots of iridium found - only when asteroid strikes there is a layer of rock created by crater debris across the world q

53
Q

why would an asteroid kill the dinosaurs

A 
huge fires, eruptions spurt gas into atmosphere 
this made everywhere dark 
drop in temperature = global winter 
plants died 
dinosaurs died
54
Q

why is the fossil record very limited

A

only small bits of bones have been found for some species

55
Q

what is extinction

A

the permanent loss of all members of a species

56
Q

how will a species become extinct

A

as conditions change new species evolve and survive

the old unadapted species will eventually die out

57
Q

how can a new predator cause mass extinction

A

if a species cant evolve quickly enough and the predator is powerful it will eradicate a species

58
Q

5 reasons for extinction

A 
the environment changes to quickly 
a new predator 
a new disease 
competition from another species
a catastrophic event
59
Q

what is a fosil

A

remnants of organisms from long ago that are found in rocks or ice

60
Q

what are the three ways in which fossils are created

A

gradual
replacement by minerals
casts and impressions preservation

61
Q

how do fossils form by replacement by minerals q

A

body parts that dont decay easily
eg bones and teeth will last a long time
eventually they will be replaced by minerals
these minerals are shaped like the original part

62
Q

how do fossils form by casts and impressions

A

an organism is buried in a soft material
eg clay
the clay will later harden the organism decays
a cast is left

63
Q

why do fossils form in glaciers

A

its too cold for the decay causing microbes to operate

64
Q

why do fossil form in amber

A

there is no oxygen or moisture so decay causing ,microbes dying

65
Q

why do fossils form in peat bogs

A

too acidic for the decay microbes

66
Q

how is a fossil discovered

A

the organism dies and is buried in layers of rock
the skeleton becomes mineralised and turns into rock
the rock shift inside the earth whilst still holding the fossil
due to erosion it is gradually exposed

67
Q

why is the record incomplete 3

A

many of the earliest forms of life were soft bodied ,
meaning they would leave little fossil evidence behind most organisms didn’t fossilise
there are many fossils still to be found

68
Q

what is the most common way in which populations of a species become isolated

A

geographical isolation

69
Q

examples of geographical isolation 3

A

a new mountain range
a new river
formation of an island

70
Q

what is environmental isolation

A

where the climate that one organism lives in will change but it won’t elsewhere

71
Q

what is speciation

A

the development of a new species

72
Q

how do you know when speciation has occurred

A

the offspring of interbreeding are infertile

73
Q

process of speciation

A

populations are isolated by a barrier conditions on either side of the barrier will be different
each population shows genetic variation
different alleles will be successful - different natural selection
these organisms will be successful and pass on these alleles
characteristics will become more common

74
Q

why did darwin panic after receiving news from wallace

A

their ideas were similar and he didn’t want to lose credit

75
Q

which scientist suggested speciation

A

walace

76
Q

what characteristics of animals was the main piece of evidence to support wallaces theory

A

the warning colours used by animals to deter predators are a successful characteristics developed by natural selection

77
Q

how did darwin gather evidence to support his ideas 3

A

he analysed animals and plants he had seen on the different islands to show variation

he bred pigeons to show how characteristics could be inherited

he built up a network of supporting fellow scientists

78
Q

how have new discoveries helped support darwins theory

A

we know that phenotypic variations are caused by genetic variations caused by mutations
these beneficial variations are passed on to offspring via natural selection

79
Q

what is the idea of survival of the fittest

A

the organisms with the most suitable characteristics for the environment would be more successful competitors and so more likely to survive

80
Q

3 reasons why people disagreed with darwins theory

A

it went against religious beliefs
there wasn’t enough evidence to convince scientists
he couldnt explain how variation and inheritance happened

81
Q

how did the finches of the galapagos islands support darwins ideas

A

there were similarities between them all but each species was specially adapted to their habitat

82
Q

what were darwins 3 main ideas

A

the individuals in a species show a wide range of variation for a characteristic
the environment cant support too many offspring too the fittest and best adapted will survive
these successful organisms will pass on the characteristics that made them survive

BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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