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BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the formula linking real image, magnification and image size

A

I = M/R

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2
Q

What are nerve cells specialised to do

A

Carry electrical impulses around the body rapidly

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3
Q

What are three adaptations of nerve cells

A
  • Dendrites to make connections to other nerve cells
  • an axon to carry nerve impulses
  • the nerve endings are adapted to pass impulses to other cells
  • contains lots of mitochondria to provide energy
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4
Q

What are muscle cells specialised to do

A

Specialised to contract and relax

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5
Q

What are three adaptations of muscle cells

A
  • proteins that can slide over each other
  • contains lots of mitochondria to transfer energy needed for chemical reactions
  • store glycogen for cellular respiration
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6
Q

What are sperm cells specialised to do

A

Reproduction.

To pass genetic information from the male parent

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7
Q

What are 4 adaptations if sperm cells

A
  • a long tail to help them move
  • middle section full of mitochondria
  • the acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down outer layers of the egg
  • large nucleus containing genetic information
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8
Q

What do root hair cells do

A

Take up mineral ions and water to the plant

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9
Q

What are three adaptations of root hair cells

A
  • large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soul
  • has a large permanent vacuole which speeds up water movement
  • has many mitochondria that transfer energy needed
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10
Q

What are photosynthetic cells

A

Plants that can make their own food by photosynthesis

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11
Q

What are the adaptations of photosynthetic plants

A
  • green structures called chloroplasts containing chlorophyll used in photosynthesis
  • positioned in continuous layers to absorb light
  • large permanent vacuole to keep cells rigid
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12
Q

What are xylem cells specialised to do

A

Carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the plants

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13
Q

What are two adaptations of xylem cells

A
  • xylem cells due to form hollow tubes

- spiral and rings make them strong to withstand water pressure

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14
Q

What are phloem cells specialised to do

A

Transports food made by photosynthesis around the plant

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15
Q

What are two adaptations of phloem cells

A
  • very few subcellular structures

- cells walls between cells break down to form sieve plates

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16
Q

What are the features of an animal cells and their use (5)

A
  • nucleus - controls activities and holds genes
  • cytoplasm - where most chemical reactions occur
  • cell membrane - controls what leaves and enters the cell
  • mitochondria - releases energy. Where aerobic respiration occurs
  • ribosomes - when protein synthesis occurs
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17
Q

What are the features of plant cells and their use (3)

A
  • chloroplasts - contains chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs light needed for photosynthesis
  • permanent vacuole - supports cell
  • cell wall - strengthens cell
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18
Q

What are the features of bacteria cells and their use (3)

A
  • they have no nucleus. DNA is found free in cytoplasm
  • plasmids - small rings of DNA, antibiotic resistant
  • flagella - long protein strands used to move around
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19
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes (2)

A
  • higher resolution

- they can see internal structures of cells and small cell features like mitochondria and plasmids

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20
Q

What is a disadvantage of electron microscopes

A

Expensive

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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of light microscopes (2)

A
  • shows individual cells and large sub cellular structures

- lower resolution

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22
Q

What is diffusion

A

The spread of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

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23
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of water from a high concentration to a low one through a partially permeable membrane

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24
Q

Why do plants rely on osmosis

A

To stay turgid

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25
Q

What is active transport

A

When a dissolved substance moves against the concentration across a partially permeable membrane

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26
Q

Where does the energy for active transport come from?

A

Cell respiration

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27
Q

What does against the concentration gradient mean?

A

From a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution

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28
Q

What is the rate of diffusion affected by? (3)

A
  • The difference in concentrations
  • Temperature
  • Available surface area
29
Q

Examples of substances that move by diffusion

A

Glucose
Urea (from liver to blood plasma)
Oxygen (from lungs to RBCs)

30
Q

What is a dilute solution?

A

High concentration of water

Low concentration of solute

31
Q

What is a concentrated solution?

A

Low concentration of water

High concentration of solute

32
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Concentration of solute so the solution outside of cell is same as inside

33
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Concentration of solutes in solution is higher than inside cell

34
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Concentration of solutes in solution outside cell is lower than inside

35
Q

Problems with osmosis

A

If solution outside cell is much more dilute, then water will move into cell by osmosis so will burst

If the solution outside cell is much more concentrated, then water will move out of cell and cell will shrivel up and die

36
Q

Why do plants want the solution around cells to be hypertonic?

A

Water will keep moving by osmosis into the cell

37
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

When the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane moves away from cell wall because of lack of water

38
Q

What do cells involved in active transport have lots of

A

Mitochondria to get maximum energy

39
Q

Why is active transport so important?

A

Mineral ions in the soil are found in low concentrations so by using active transport, the plants can absorb these minerals

Sugar

40
Q

What is key about single cells organism when it comes to diffusion, active transport and osmosis?

A

Relatively high surface area to volume ratio

41
Q

Adaptions for exchanging materials

A

Large SA to volume ratio
Thin membrane - short diffusion path
Efficient blood supply
Ventilation

42
Q

How are fish adapted for exchange?

A

Gills increase SA

43
Q

What is one nanometre

A

1x10-9 metres

44
Q

what is a micrometre? (up)

A

1000 nanometres

45
Q

what is the resolving power of a microscope?

A

how much detail it can show

46
Q

which organelles are common to both animal and plant cells

A 
nucleus
membrane 
mitochondria 
ribosome 
cytoplasm
47
Q

what is the cell wall made from

A

Cellulose

48
Q

what is an eukaryotic cell?

A

contains a nucleus with DNA

49
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

single-celled - no nucleus

genetic material in loop or plasmids

50
Q

organelles exclusive to bacteria cells

A

flagella, plasmids and slime capsule

51
Q

function of slime capsule

A

Protect cell

52
Q

what characteristics should a good exchange surface have

A

large SA
thin walls
good blood supply
well ventilated

53
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of cells working together to perform a specific function

54
Q

what does muscular tissue do

A

contracts to churn contents of stomach

55
Q

what does glandular tissue do?

A

produces hormones

56
Q

what does epithelial tissue do?

A

covers inside and outside of all organs

57
Q

why might you add stain to a microscope slide

A

to highlight certain objects by adding colour

58
Q

what is the purpose of active transport in the gut

A

when there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the blood than gut

59
Q

how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

huge SA
thin
good blood supply

60
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for gas exchange?

A

villi - increase SA
good blood supply
thin walls

61
Q

how are leaves adapted for gas exchange

A

the stomata let CO2 in and H2O and O2 out
size of stomata can be controlled by guard cells
air spaces in leaf increase SA
flat shape increases SA

62
Q

how are fish (gills) adapted for gas exchange?

A

gill filaments increase SA
short diffusion pathway
good blood supply
always more O2 in water than blood so steep concentration gradient means it is more effective

63
Q

how big is the average animal cell?

A

10 - 30 micrometres

64
Q

how big is the average plant cell?

A

10 - 100 micrometres

65
Q

why can diffusion take place without respiration

A

doesn’t need energy supply

66
Q

what is the name for the apparatus which is a stick with a hoop on

A

innoculating loop

67
Q

How do plants grow

A

Photosynthesis
Creates glucose
This is used in respiration
To produce energy

68
Q

Why are stem cells from embryos so good?

A

They are versatile and can differentiate to most cell types

69
Q

What are flagella made from?

A

They are strings of protein

BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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