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BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the formula linking real image, magnification and image size

A

I = M/R

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2
Q

What are nerve cells specialised to do

A

Carry electrical impulses around the body rapidly

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3
Q

What are three adaptations of nerve cells

A
  • Dendrites to make connections to other nerve cells
  • an axon to carry nerve impulses
  • the nerve endings are adapted to pass impulses to other cells
  • contains lots of mitochondria to provide energy
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4
Q

What are muscle cells specialised to do

A

Specialised to contract and relax

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5
Q

What are three adaptations of muscle cells

A
  • proteins that can slide over each other
  • contains lots of mitochondria to transfer energy needed for chemical reactions
  • store glycogen for cellular respiration
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6
Q

What are sperm cells specialised to do

A

Reproduction.

To pass genetic information from the male parent

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7
Q

What are 4 adaptations if sperm cells

A
  • a long tail to help them move
  • middle section full of mitochondria
  • the acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down outer layers of the egg
  • large nucleus containing genetic information
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8
Q

What do root hair cells do

A

Take up mineral ions and water to the plant

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9
Q

What are three adaptations of root hair cells

A
  • large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soul
  • has a large permanent vacuole which speeds up water movement
  • has many mitochondria that transfer energy needed
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10
Q

What are photosynthetic cells

A

Plants that can make their own food by photosynthesis

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11
Q

What are the adaptations of photosynthetic plants

A
  • green structures called chloroplasts containing chlorophyll used in photosynthesis
  • positioned in continuous layers to absorb light
  • large permanent vacuole to keep cells rigid
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12
Q

What are xylem cells specialised to do

A

Carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the plants

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13
Q

What are two adaptations of xylem cells

A
  • xylem cells due to form hollow tubes

- spiral and rings make them strong to withstand water pressure

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14
Q

What are phloem cells specialised to do

A

Transports food made by photosynthesis around the plant

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15
Q

What are two adaptations of phloem cells

A
  • very few subcellular structures

- cells walls between cells break down to form sieve plates

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16
Q

What are the features of an animal cells and their use (5)

A
  • nucleus - controls activities and holds genes
  • cytoplasm - where most chemical reactions occur
  • cell membrane - controls what leaves and enters the cell
  • mitochondria - releases energy. Where aerobic respiration occurs
  • ribosomes - when protein synthesis occurs
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17
Q

What are the features of plant cells and their use (3)

A
  • chloroplasts - contains chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs light needed for photosynthesis
  • permanent vacuole - supports cell
  • cell wall - strengthens cell
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18
Q

What are the features of bacteria cells and their use (3)

A
  • they have no nucleus. DNA is found free in cytoplasm
  • plasmids - small rings of DNA, antibiotic resistant
  • flagella - long protein strands used to move around
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19
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes (2)

A
  • higher resolution

- they can see internal structures of cells and small cell features like mitochondria and plasmids

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20
Q

What is a disadvantage of electron microscopes

A

Expensive

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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of light microscopes (2)

A
  • shows individual cells and large sub cellular structures

- lower resolution

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22
Q

What is diffusion

A

The spread of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

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23
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of water from a high concentration to a low one through a partially permeable membrane

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24
Q

Why do plants rely on osmosis

A

To stay turgid

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25
What is active transport
When a dissolved substance moves against the concentration across a partially permeable membrane
26
Where does the energy for active transport come from?
Cell respiration
27
What does against the concentration gradient mean?
From a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution
28
What is the rate of diffusion affected by? (3)
- The difference in concentrations - Temperature - Available surface area
29
Examples of substances that move by diffusion
Glucose Urea (from liver to blood plasma) Oxygen (from lungs to RBCs)
30
What is a dilute solution?
High concentration of water | Low concentration of solute
31
What is a concentrated solution?
Low concentration of water | High concentration of solute
32
What does isotonic mean?
Concentration of solute so the solution outside of cell is same as inside
33
What does hypertonic mean?
Concentration of solutes in solution is higher than inside cell
34
What does hypotonic mean?
Concentration of solutes in solution outside cell is lower than inside
35
Problems with osmosis
If solution outside cell is much more dilute, then water will move into cell by osmosis so will burst If the solution outside cell is much more concentrated, then water will move out of cell and cell will shrivel up and die
36
Why do plants want the solution around cells to be hypertonic?
Water will keep moving by osmosis into the cell
37
What is plasmolysis?
When the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane moves away from cell wall because of lack of water
38
What do cells involved in active transport have lots of
Mitochondria to get maximum energy
39
Why is active transport so important?
Mineral ions in the soil are found in low concentrations so by using active transport, the plants can absorb these minerals Sugar
40
What is key about single cells organism when it comes to diffusion, active transport and osmosis?
Relatively high surface area to volume ratio
41
Adaptions for exchanging materials
Large SA to volume ratio Thin membrane - short diffusion path Efficient blood supply Ventilation
42
How are fish adapted for exchange?
Gills increase SA
43
What is one nanometre
1x10-9 metres
44
what is a micrometre? (up)
1000 nanometres
45
what is the resolving power of a microscope?
how much detail it can show
46
which organelles are common to both animal and plant cells
``` nucleus membrane mitochondria ribosome cytoplasm ```
47
what is the cell wall made from
Cellulose
48
what is an eukaryotic cell?
contains a nucleus with DNA
49
what is a prokaryotic cell?
single-celled - no nucleus | genetic material in loop or plasmids
50
organelles exclusive to bacteria cells
flagella, plasmids and slime capsule
51
function of slime capsule
Protect cell
52
what characteristics should a good exchange surface have
large SA thin walls good blood supply well ventilated
53
what is a tissue?
a group of cells working together to perform a specific function
54
what does muscular tissue do
contracts to churn contents of stomach
55
what does glandular tissue do?
produces hormones
56
what does epithelial tissue do?
covers inside and outside of all organs
57
why might you add stain to a microscope slide
to highlight certain objects by adding colour
58
what is the purpose of active transport in the gut
when there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the blood than gut
59
how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
huge SA thin good blood supply
60
How is the small intestine adapted for gas exchange?
villi - increase SA good blood supply thin walls
61
how are leaves adapted for gas exchange
the stomata let CO2 in and H2O and O2 out size of stomata can be controlled by guard cells air spaces in leaf increase SA flat shape increases SA
62
how are fish (gills) adapted for gas exchange?
gill filaments increase SA short diffusion pathway good blood supply always more O2 in water than blood so steep concentration gradient means it is more effective
63
how big is the average animal cell?
10 - 30 micrometres
64
how big is the average plant cell?
10 - 100 micrometres
65
why can diffusion take place without respiration
doesn't need energy supply
66
what is the name for the apparatus which is a stick with a hoop on
innoculating loop
67
How do plants grow
Photosynthesis Creates glucose This is used in respiration To produce energy
68
Why are stem cells from embryos so good?
They are versatile and can differentiate to most cell types
69
What are flagella made from?
They are strings of protein

BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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