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CHAPTER 18 Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY

A

the variety of different species of orangisms on earth or in an ecosystem

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2
Q

why is a high biodiversity important

A

it makes sure the ecosystem is stable because different species depend on each other for things like food or shelter the loss of one species has little impact

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3
Q

2 human activities impacting biodiversity

A

deforestation

global warming

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4
Q

what has the population of humans increased so much 2

A

development in medicine - stops people dying

development in farming - stops people starving q

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5
Q

why does a higher number of humans have a larger impact on the environment

A

we are demanding a higher standard of living
so we use more raw materials and more energy
raw materials are being used quicker than they are being replaced

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6
Q

4 main uses of land

A

building infrastructure
farming
mining
landfill

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7
Q

how is the growing population impacting land use

A

the growing population need more land for house etc so we destroy habitats affecting biodiversity

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8
Q

how is waste impacting the air around us

A

smoke and acidic gases can pollute the air eg acid rain

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9
Q

how is waste impacting the land around us 3

A

we use toxic chemicals for farming
we bury waste in landfill
nuclear waste is left underground

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10
Q

how is waste impacting the water around us

A

sewage and toxic chemicals from industry pollutes lakes and rivers

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11
Q

how do people pollute the land in developed countries 2

A

household waste

industrial waste

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12
Q

how does farming pollute the water

A

weadkillers and presiticides are used which try to keep these crops healthy
these run off into rivers and stream
they become part of food chains as animals ingest infected water
bioaccumulation- each stage along the food chain more and more toxins build up the the animals

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13
Q

how are we affecting plant life in the water

A

fertilisers and untreated sewage flow into rivers and streams
this leads to a build up of nitrogen
this stimulates algae and weeds to grow quickly
plants die because they are outcompeted

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14
Q

how are we affecting animal life in water

A

fertilisers and untreated sewage flow into rivers and stress leading to a build up of nitrogen
this stimulates algae and weeds to grow quickly
plants die because they are outcompeted
this leads to more decomposers
decomposers use up dissolved air in the water
the animals in the water now dont have enough oxygen and can die too

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15
Q

2 ways in which the pH oh water is tested

A

instruments used to show proportion of toxic chemicals bioindicators

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16
Q

how is acid rain formed

A

fossil fuels burned
they contain sulphur impurities
the sulfure reacts with oxygen when it burns to form suffer dioxide
acidic sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dissolve in rainwater rto form sulphuric acid snd nitric acid

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17
Q

effects of acid rain 3

A

kills plantlike
if it soaks into the soil, it can destroy the roots of plants
can infect water ways making them uninhabitable

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18
Q

why is acid snow worse than acid rain

A

it will all melt in one go

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19
Q

why will clean countries still be affected by acid rain

A

the sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides are carried high in the air by winds infecting other countries

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20
Q

ways in which have attempted to reduce the effect of acid rain

A

low sulfur diesel and pretors
strict emission levels
catalytic converters remove polluting gases

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21
Q

what has happened to the amount of acid rain over the past 40 years

A

it has decreased

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22
Q

impact of smoke on human health

A

particles breathed in and can damage cardiovasuaclar system

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23
Q

how is smoke damaging our world

A

the particles in smoke gather in the atmosphere

they reflect sunlight so less light reaches earth

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24
Q

what is smog

A

a combination of chemicals and smoke that can be seen in the air

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25
impact of suffuse dioxide on people
breathing difficulties
26
4 impacts of global warming
thermal expansion changes in distribution of wildlife changes in migration patterns r reduced biodiversity
27
problem of rising sea levels
extreme flooding and loss of habitat
28
process of global warming
gases in the atmosphere act like an insulating layer | they can absorbs the energy that would be reradiated out to space and reflect it back towards earth
29
what are the two main greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide and methane
30
3 main reasons for deforestation
farming rear cattle to grow crops to be used as biofuels
31
what are the three ways in which deforestation increase co2 levels in the atmosphere
less co2 taken in by the trees through photosynthesis combustion = more co2 decomposers release co2 through respiration
32
why does deforestation reduce biodiversity
habitats like forests contain a large number os species so when their habitats are destroyed there is an increased risk of them becoming extinct
33
how is peat made
when plants the live in bogs die they dont fully decay because it is too acidic and there isn't enough oxygen over time this builds up to form peat
34
what are bogs
areas of land that are acidic and waterlogged
35
why are peat bogs so important
huge store of carbon and home to many unique animals
36
why are peat bogs being destroyed
the peat is cut up and used as a fuel or compost and the area is needed for farmland
37
why is peat non renewable
it is being used faster than it is being made
38
why does the sourcing of peat increase co2 levels
when peat is drained it comes into contact with air and microorganisms start to decompose it . hen these organisms respire co2 is released
39
why are deforestation and methane levels linked
the land which has been cleared by deforestation is often used for cattle farming and growing rice both of which are a source of methane
40
why will there be more co2 in the air as the oceans warm up
co2 is less soluble in warm water so they are less effective carbon sinks
41
why will the distribution of animals change
climate change may make some conditions more favourable for animals more than others so for some their range will expand and for others it'll shrink
42
how will global warming impact migration patterns
changing temperature and seasons
43
5 ways in which we are trying to maintain ecosystems
recycling reduction of co2 emission and deforestation breeding programmes for endangered species protection of rare habitats reintroduction of hedges
44
problems with breeding programmes 2
must avoid inbreeding | many animals dont reproduce easily or quickly
45
what are breeding programmes and will they help
animals are bred in captivity to ensure a species survives if they die out in the wild they can then be released into the wild to boost or reestablish a population
46
3 examples of rare habitats that are now becoming protected
coral reefs heathland mangroves
47
what is being done to protect coral reefs
global warming is being tackled as acidic pH Is the biggest threat
48
what is being done to protect heathland
protecting it for developers and reestablishing its unique characteristics eg letting horses graze
49
what is being done to protect mangroves
salinity of water in being monitored
50
why is it good that rare habitats are being protected
helps to protect the species that live there, mainting biodiversity
51
what are people planting hedgerows
they provide a valuable habitat for a wide range on species in the uk
52
how is costa rica benefiting from reduced co2 emission
sustainable tourism
53
what are countries doing to promote recycling 3
encourage composting companies ar now recycling manufacturing waste taxes pn putting material in landfill
54
4 argument against maintaining biodiversity
it is expensive - to set up and matinain schemes could affect peoples livelihoods eg timber industry development is important we must protect our food security
55
what are trophic levels
the position of organisms in a food chain
56
what is trophic level 1
producers eg green plants and algae
57
what is trophic level 2
primary consumers eg herbivores
58
what is trophic level 3
secondary consumers eg carnviores
59
what is trophic level 4
tertiary consumers eg carnivores that eat other carnivores
60
what is biomass
the mass of material in living organisms
61
how do decomposers work
they secrete enzymes that break own the dead bodies into food molecules these are diffused into the decomposers
62
problem with measuring the dry biomass of an organism
you have to kill it and dry it out first
63
problem with measuring the wet biomass of an organism
the amount of water in an orgnaism varies throughout the day
64
what happens to the amount of energy and biomass as you move up the trophic level
it decreased
65
why does the amount of biomass decrease as you go through trophic levels 3
not all part of the organism are eaten some of the biomass is excreted lots of biomass used to keep organisms alive eg respiration
66
what is the incident energy
sunlight
67
why is biomass lost in faeces a herbivores b carnivores
a many herbivores dont have the enzymes to break down cellulose so the food is excreted b carnivores cant eat every bit of their prey
68
how much of the suns energy is used for photosynthesis
1%
69
why is biomass lost in waste
plants and animals need glucose to stay alive - it supplies energy for the living processes in the body some biomass is lost as carbon dioxide heat and water the waste products of repsiration
70
why will a more active animal transfer less biomass
active contracting muscles carry out a lot of respiration which leads t the loss of its of heat that would've been transferred as biomass
71
why is biomass lost through temperature control
mammals use lot of biomass in respiration in order to maintain a constant temperature
72
how to calculate the efficiency of biomass transfer
efficiency = biomass transferred to the next level / biomass available at previous level x 100
73
6 factors affecting food security
``` increasing birth rates changing diets new pests and pathogenss cost of agricultural inputs conflicts changing environemtn ```
74
what is food security
having enough food to feed the population
75
why is an increasing birth rate affecting food security
there are more people to feed
76
how can changing diets affect food security
in developed countries people want to try exotic good which need to be imported this deprives local people of a traditional food source or drives up the prices so they cant afford it
77
how can new pests and pathogens affect food security
this can result in lack of crops produced and lease to widespread famine
78
how do environmental changes affect food security
``` flooding = no crops drought = no crops ```
79
how can the changing price of agricultural inputs affect food security
in developing countries the expense of farming meat some people cant afford it so they cant grow food and starve
80
how can conflict affect food security
people cant access food and water and often infrastructure such as water pipes are destroyed
81
what is sustainable fish production
maintaining fish stocks at a level where fish can continue to breed
82
how can fish production be conserved 2
fishing quotas | net size
83
what is sustainable food production
producing food in ways that supplies the whole population for many years
84
3 ways of making food production sustainable
taking care of fishing in oceans so fish supplies dont run out maintaining soil quality so plants grow well consistently
85
how is biotechnology helping in food production
gm crops are being developed to give better yields or more nutritional value
86
3 advantages of gm 3
pest resistant | more nutritional value
87
3 disadvantages to gm crops
poor soil cant be changed by gm crops people cant afford the seeds unaware of long term impact
88
what is mycoprotein
it is high protein meat substitute for vegetarians
89
process of creating mycoprotein
the fungus fusarium is grown cheap glucose syrup aerobic conditions were provided in fermenters the biomass is then harvested and purified it is a pale yellow solid that can be shape and flavoured
90
2 disadvantages of fishing quotas
if fishermen have caught too much they throw it back into the sea -may affect income and food security
91
what do farmers often do to increase the growth of livestock and why
they feed animals with animals as it is protein rich improving growth
92
why would it be most efficient if humans lived off plants
there would only be two phases in the chain so less energy would be lost
93
why does limiting the movement of livestock increase efficiency
they dont use their muscles much this reduced respiration | so less energy is lost
94
why does keeping animals in a temperature controlled environment controlled environment improve efficiency
they dont have to use much biomass to respire and keep warm so less biomass is lost
95
process of fish farming
they are caught and live in cages they are fed high protein meals they have restricted movement because of this they grow and mature rapidly
96
why are fish being specifically bred
for fast growth
97
disadvantages of farming animals in factories 4
disease spread quickly ethic they need constant monitoring expensive q
98
how is the farming of cattle fish and chickens made efficient
they are farmed in factories in specially monitored conditions
99
why are intensive farming methods used
there has been an increase in demand for cheap meat products
100
how can bacteria be modified to produce human insulin
a plasmid is remove from a bacterium the insulin gene is cut form a human chromosome using a restriction enzyme . the cut leaves on the bases unpaired which is called the sticky end the plasmid is cut open using the same enzyme, leaving the same sticky ends the plasmid and insulin gene are mixed ligase an enzyme is added to join the two sticky end together to make recombinant DNA this is inserted into the bacterium the bacterium multiplies under controlled conditions
101
what does a restriction enzyme do
it recognises specific sequences of dna and cuts the dna at these points the cut leaves on the the dna stands with unpaired bases this is called sticky end
102
what is recombinat dna
when an enzyme joins two sticky end together | two different bits of dna stuck together
103
how do seasonal changes impact the distribution of organisms
in temperate parts of the world many factors such as temperature change between seaosns. some organisms will migrate to find more favourable conditions
104
how do geographical changes impact the distribution of organisms
many plants and animals have adaptations that enable them to survive in specific conditions so will move when the conditions arent favourable
105
negative impact humans have on the environment 3
GLOBAL WARMING Climate change acid rain pollution
106
positive impacts humans have on the environment 3
preserving rain forests reducing and monitoring pH conservation measures
107
what are organisms doing as a result of global warming
relocating to cooler nd higher areas
108
what are the three things that affect the distribution of an organism
seasonal changes human impacts geographical change
109
what has happened to dartford warbler as a reuslt of climate change
in the 1900s they lived in southern europe as temperatures increase they have moved to england and wales
110
what do scientists predict will happen to many bird species in europe by the end of the century
They will have moved out of europe or will become extinct

BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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