Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 18 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 18 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY

A

the variety of different species of orangisms on earth or in an ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is a high biodiversity important

A

it makes sure the ecosystem is stable because different species depend on each other for things like food or shelter the loss of one species has little impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 human activities impacting biodiversity

A

deforestation

global warming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what has the population of humans increased so much 2

A

development in medicine - stops people dying

development in farming - stops people starving q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why does a higher number of humans have a larger impact on the environment

A

we are demanding a higher standard of living
so we use more raw materials and more energy
raw materials are being used quicker than they are being replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 main uses of land

A

building infrastructure
farming
mining
landfill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how is the growing population impacting land use

A

the growing population need more land for house etc so we destroy habitats affecting biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how is waste impacting the air around us

A

smoke and acidic gases can pollute the air eg acid rain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is waste impacting the land around us 3

A

we use toxic chemicals for farming
we bury waste in landfill
nuclear waste is left underground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how is waste impacting the water around us

A

sewage and toxic chemicals from industry pollutes lakes and rivers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do people pollute the land in developed countries 2

A

household waste

industrial waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does farming pollute the water

A

weadkillers and presiticides are used which try to keep these crops healthy
these run off into rivers and stream
they become part of food chains as animals ingest infected water
bioaccumulation- each stage along the food chain more and more toxins build up the the animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how are we affecting plant life in the water

A

fertilisers and untreated sewage flow into rivers and streams
this leads to a build up of nitrogen
this stimulates algae and weeds to grow quickly
plants die because they are outcompeted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are we affecting animal life in water

A

fertilisers and untreated sewage flow into rivers and stress leading to a build up of nitrogen
this stimulates algae and weeds to grow quickly
plants die because they are outcompeted
this leads to more decomposers
decomposers use up dissolved air in the water
the animals in the water now dont have enough oxygen and can die too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 ways in which the pH oh water is tested

A

instruments used to show proportion of toxic chemicals bioindicators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is acid rain formed

A

fossil fuels burned
they contain sulphur impurities
the sulfure reacts with oxygen when it burns to form suffer dioxide
acidic sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dissolve in rainwater rto form sulphuric acid snd nitric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

effects of acid rain 3

A

kills plantlike
if it soaks into the soil, it can destroy the roots of plants
can infect water ways making them uninhabitable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is acid snow worse than acid rain

A

it will all melt in one go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why will clean countries still be affected by acid rain

A

the sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides are carried high in the air by winds infecting other countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ways in which have attempted to reduce the effect of acid rain

A

low sulfur diesel and pretors
strict emission levels
catalytic converters remove polluting gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what has happened to the amount of acid rain over the past 40 years

A

it has decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

impact of smoke on human health

A

particles breathed in and can damage cardiovasuaclar system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is smoke damaging our world

A

the particles in smoke gather in the atmosphere

they reflect sunlight so less light reaches earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is smog

A

a combination of chemicals and smoke that can be seen in the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

impact of suffuse dioxide on people

A

breathing difficulties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

4 impacts of global warming

A

thermal expansion
changes in distribution of wildlife
changes in migration patterns r
reduced biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

problem of rising sea levels

A

extreme flooding and loss of habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

process of global warming

A

gases in the atmosphere act like an insulating layer

they can absorbs the energy that would be reradiated out to space and reflect it back towards earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the two main greenhouse gases

A

carbon dioxide and methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

3 main reasons for deforestation

A

farming
rear cattle
to grow crops to be used as biofuels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the three ways in which deforestation increase co2 levels in the atmosphere

A

less co2 taken in by the trees through photosynthesis
combustion = more co2
decomposers release co2 through respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

why does deforestation reduce biodiversity

A

habitats like forests contain a large number os species so when their habitats are destroyed there is an increased risk of them becoming extinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how is peat made

A

when plants the live in bogs die they dont fully decay because it is too acidic and there isn’t enough oxygen over time this builds up to form peat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are bogs

A

areas of land that are acidic and waterlogged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

why are peat bogs so important

A

huge store of carbon and home to many unique animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

why are peat bogs being destroyed

A

the peat is cut up and used as a fuel or compost and the area is needed for farmland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

why is peat non renewable

A

it is being used faster than it is being made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

why does the sourcing of peat increase co2 levels

A

when peat is drained it comes into contact with air and microorganisms start to decompose it . hen these organisms respire co2 is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

why are deforestation and methane levels linked

A

the land which has been cleared by deforestation is often used for cattle farming and growing rice both of which are a source of methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

why will there be more co2 in the air as the oceans warm up

A

co2 is less soluble in warm water so they are less effective
carbon sinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

why will the distribution of animals change

A

climate change may make some conditions more favourable for animals more than others so for some their range will expand and for others it’ll shrink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

how will global warming impact migration patterns

A

changing temperature and seasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

5 ways in which we are trying to maintain ecosystems

A

recycling
reduction of co2 emission and deforestation
breeding programmes for endangered species
protection of rare habitats
reintroduction of hedges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

problems with breeding programmes 2

A

must avoid inbreeding

many animals dont reproduce easily or quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are breeding programmes and will they help

A

animals are bred in captivity to ensure a species survives if they die out in the wild
they can then be released into the wild to boost or reestablish a population

46
Q

3 examples of rare habitats that are now becoming protected

A

coral reefs
heathland
mangroves

47
Q

what is being done to protect coral reefs

A

global warming is being tackled as acidic pH Is the biggest threat

48
Q

what is being done to protect heathland

A

protecting it for developers and reestablishing its unique characteristics
eg letting horses graze

49
Q

what is being done to protect mangroves

A

salinity of water in being monitored

50
Q

why is it good that rare habitats are being protected

A

helps to protect the species that live there, mainting biodiversity

51
Q

what are people planting hedgerows

A

they provide a valuable habitat for a wide range on species in the uk

52
Q

how is costa rica benefiting from reduced co2 emission

A

sustainable tourism

53
Q

what are countries doing to promote recycling 3

A

encourage composting
companies ar now recycling manufacturing waste
taxes pn putting material in landfill

54
Q

4 argument against maintaining biodiversity

A

it is expensive - to set up and matinain schemes
could affect peoples livelihoods eg timber industry
development is important
we must protect our food security

55
Q

what are trophic levels

A

the position of organisms in a food chain

56
Q

what is trophic level 1

A

producers eg green plants and algae

57
Q

what is trophic level 2

A

primary consumers eg herbivores

58
Q

what is trophic level 3

A

secondary consumers eg carnviores

59
Q

what is trophic level 4

A

tertiary consumers eg carnivores that eat other carnivores

60
Q

what is biomass

A

the mass of material in living organisms

61
Q

how do decomposers work

A

they secrete enzymes that break own the dead bodies into food molecules
these are diffused into the decomposers

62
Q

problem with measuring the dry biomass of an organism

A

you have to kill it and dry it out first

63
Q

problem with measuring the wet biomass of an organism

A

the amount of water in an orgnaism varies throughout the day

64
Q

what happens to the amount of energy and biomass as you move up the trophic level

A

it decreased

65
Q

why does the amount of biomass decrease as you go through trophic levels 3

A

not all part of the organism are eaten some of the biomass is excreted
lots of biomass used to keep organisms alive eg respiration

66
Q

what is the incident energy

A

sunlight

67
Q

why is biomass lost in faeces
a herbivores
b carnivores

A

a many herbivores dont have the enzymes to break down cellulose so the food is excreted

b carnivores cant eat every bit of their prey

68
Q

how much of the suns energy is used for photosynthesis

A

1%

69
Q

why is biomass lost in waste

A

plants and animals need glucose to stay alive - it supplies energy for the living processes in the body

some biomass is lost as carbon dioxide heat and water the waste products of repsiration

70
Q

why will a more active animal transfer less biomass

A

active contracting muscles carry out a lot of respiration which leads t the loss of its of heat that would’ve been transferred as biomass

71
Q

why is biomass lost through temperature control

A

mammals use lot of biomass in respiration in order to maintain a constant temperature

72
Q

how to calculate the efficiency of biomass transfer

A

efficiency = biomass transferred to the next level / biomass available at previous level x 100

73
Q

6 factors affecting food security

A 
increasing birth rates
changing diets 
new pests and pathogenss
cost of agricultural inputs 
conflicts 
changing environemtn
74
Q

what is food security

A

having enough food to feed the population

75
Q

why is an increasing birth rate affecting food security

A

there are more people to feed

76
Q

how can changing diets affect food security

A

in developed countries people want to try exotic good which need to be imported
this deprives local people of a traditional food source or drives up the prices so they cant afford it

77
Q

how can new pests and pathogens affect food security

A

this can result in lack of crops produced and lease to widespread famine

78
Q

how do environmental changes affect food security

A 
flooding = no crops 
drought = no crops
79
Q

how can the changing price of agricultural inputs affect food security

A

in developing countries the expense of farming meat some people cant afford it so they cant grow food and starve

80
Q

how can conflict affect food security

A

people cant access food and water and often infrastructure such as water pipes are destroyed

81
Q

what is sustainable fish production

A

maintaining fish stocks at a level where fish can continue to breed

82
Q

how can fish production be conserved 2

A

fishing quotas

net size

83
Q

what is sustainable food production

A

producing food in ways that supplies the whole population for many years

84
Q

3 ways of making food production sustainable

A

taking care of fishing in oceans so fish supplies dont run out
maintaining soil quality so plants grow well consistently

85
Q

how is biotechnology helping in food production

A

gm crops are being developed to give better yields or more nutritional value

86
Q

3 advantages of gm 3

A

pest resistant

more nutritional value

87
Q

3 disadvantages to gm crops

A

poor soil cant be changed by gm crops
people cant afford the seeds
unaware of long term impact

88
Q

what is mycoprotein

A

it is high protein meat substitute for vegetarians

89
Q

process of creating mycoprotein

A

the fungus fusarium is grown cheap
glucose syrup
aerobic conditions were provided in fermenters
the biomass is then harvested and purified
it is a pale yellow solid that can be shape and flavoured

90
Q

2 disadvantages of fishing quotas

A

if fishermen have caught too much they throw it back into the sea -may affect income and food security

91
Q

what do farmers often do to increase the growth of livestock and why

A

they feed animals with animals as it is protein rich improving growth

92
Q

why would it be most efficient if humans lived off plants

A

there would only be two phases in the chain so less energy would be lost

93
Q

why does limiting the movement of livestock increase efficiency

A

they dont use their muscles much this reduced respiration

so less energy is lost

94
Q

why does keeping animals in a temperature controlled environment controlled environment improve efficiency

A

they dont have to use much biomass to respire and keep warm so less biomass is lost

95
Q

process of fish farming

A

they are caught and live in cages
they are fed high protein meals
they have restricted movement because of this they grow and mature rapidly

96
Q

why are fish being specifically bred

A

for fast growth

97
Q

disadvantages of farming animals in factories 4

A

disease spread quickly
ethic
they need constant monitoring
expensive q

98
Q

how is the farming of cattle fish and chickens made efficient

A

they are farmed in factories in specially monitored conditions

99
Q

why are intensive farming methods used

A

there has been an increase in demand for cheap meat products

100
Q

how can bacteria be modified to produce human insulin

A

a plasmid is remove from a bacterium
the insulin gene is cut form a human chromosome using a restriction enzyme . the cut leaves on the bases unpaired which is called the sticky end
the plasmid is cut open using the same enzyme, leaving the same sticky ends
the plasmid and insulin gene are mixed
ligase an enzyme is added to join the two sticky end together to make recombinant DNA this is inserted into the bacterium
the bacterium multiplies under controlled conditions

101
Q

what does a restriction enzyme do

A

it recognises specific sequences of dna and cuts the dna at these points
the cut leaves on the the dna stands with unpaired bases this is called sticky end

102
Q

what is recombinat dna

A

when an enzyme joins two sticky end together

two different bits of dna stuck together

103
Q

how do seasonal changes impact the distribution of organisms

A

in temperate parts of the world many factors such as temperature change between seaosns. some organisms will migrate to find more favourable conditions

104
Q

how do geographical changes impact the distribution of organisms

A

many plants and animals have adaptations that enable them to survive in specific conditions so will move when the conditions arent favourable

105
Q

negative impact humans have on the environment 3

A

GLOBAL WARMING Climate change
acid rain
pollution

106
Q

positive impacts humans have on the environment 3

A

preserving rain forests
reducing and monitoring pH
conservation measures

107
Q

what are organisms doing as a result of global warming

A

relocating to cooler nd higher areas

108
Q

what are the three things that affect the distribution of an organism

A

seasonal changes
human impacts
geographical change

109
Q

what has happened to dartford warbler as a reuslt of climate change

A

in the 1900s they lived in southern europe as temperatures increase they have moved to england and wales

110
Q

what do scientists predict will happen to many bird species in europe by the end of the century

A

They will have moved out of europe or will become extinct

BIOLOGY (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions