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BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 11 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

a collection of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

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2
Q

how does the endocrine system work

A

a gland secretes a hormone to the blood stream the blood carries the hormone to an organ
the organ carries out the desired action

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3
Q

differences between hormones and nerves 3

A

nerves are very fast, hormones are slower
nerves act for a short time, hormones last longer
nerves act on a very precise area, hormones act in a more general way

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4
Q

what does insulin do

A

controls blood glucose levels

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5
Q

what does adrenaline do

A

prepares body for fight or flight

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6
Q

examples of hormones 2

A

insulin

adrenaline

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7
Q

what is the main gland in the endocrine system

A

the pituitary gland in the brain

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8
Q

4 examples of hormones produced by the pituitary gland

A

growth hormones in children
ADH
FSH
TSH

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9
Q

what is fsh

A

follicle stimulating hormone

stimulates ovaries to make oestrogen

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10
Q

what is tsh

A

stimulates thyroid to make thyroxine which controls metabolism

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11
Q

function of hormones produced by the thyroid

A

controls metabolism

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12
Q

function of hormones produced by the pancreas

A

controls glucose levels

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13
Q

function of hormones produced by adrenal gland

A

prepares body for fight or flight

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14
Q

function of hormones produced by ovaries

A

menstrual cycle

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15
Q

function of hormones produced by testes

A

sperm production

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16
Q

where is insulin produced

A

pancreas

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17
Q

what does insulin do

A

it allows or restricts the movement of glucose into cells

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18
Q

what are gibberellins

A

they initiate seed growth

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19
Q

what are plant shoots sensitive to

A

light and gravity

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20
Q

what are tropisms

A

the response of plants to light and gravity

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21
Q

what is the response of plants to light called

A

phototropism

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22
Q

what is the response of plants to gravity called

A

gravitropism

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23
Q

what is auxin

A

a hormone that makes plants grow

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24
Q

what happens when a shoot responds to light

A

auxin moves to the unlit side
makes this side grow more
unequal growth shoot brands towards light

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25
Q

what effect does auxin have on root hair cells

A

inhibit growth

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26
Q

what effect does auxin have on shoot cells

A

accelerated growth

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27
Q

what happens if there is no auxin in a plant

A

no growth

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28
Q

what causes root cells to act towards gravity

A

more auxin on lower side
more growth on upper side so shoot bends towards side with least auxin facing down
when shoot grows down, auxin is spread evenly

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29
Q

what causes shoot cells to grow up

A

auxin gathers on lower side, grows more on side with auxin bends upwards
auxin is redistributed normally
shoot continues growing up

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30
Q

what are cuttings dipped in to stimulate growth

A

auxin

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31
Q

how is auxin used as a weed killer

A

it makes the plant grow rapidly and uncontrollably

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32
Q

how does weed killer not affect crops

A

narrow leafed crops don’t absorb as much auxin as broad leaved weeds so they don’t die

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33
Q

why are weed killers important

A

kills competition so crops thrive

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34
Q

what are gibberellins used for 3

A

used in brewing industry to speed up germination of barley
promotes flowering throughout the year
increased size of fruit

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35
Q

what chemical is used to control the ripening of fruit

A

ethene

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36
Q

one common cause of infertility

A

lack of ovulation

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37
Q

when and why does lack of ovulation occur

A

women don’t produce enough FSH to mature eggs in ovaries

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38
Q

how can lack of ovulation be treated naturally

A

artificial FSH stimulates maturation of eggs

artificial LH can be used to encourage ovulation

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39
Q

what does IVF stand for

A

in vitro fertilisation

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40
Q

when is IVF used 4

A

no obvious cause of infertility
if donor eggs is used
if oviducts are block
man produces very few sperm

41
Q

how does IVF work

A

they give the mother FSH to mature eggs and LH to bring to point of ovulation
they collect eggs and fertilise with sperm in a lab eggs grow into embryos
embryos transplanted into uterus

42
Q

advantages of IVF

A

allows couples to have a child

43
Q

disadvantages of IVF 5

A 
very expensive
not always successful
can have health risk for mother 
increases chance of multiple pregnancy 
ethical issues
44
Q

what is contraception

A

a method that prevents sperm and egg meeting

45
Q

what are the 6 main methods of contraception

A 
chemical 
intrauterine devices 
abstinence 
barrier 
hormonal 
surgical
46
Q

how does abstinence work

A

people don’t have sex to avoid getting pregnant or don’t have sex around ovulation

47
Q

how does a barrier method work

A

forms a physical barrier between sperm and egg

48
Q

how do surgical methods of contraception work

A

vasectomy (sperm ducts are cut and tied)

oviducts are cut and tied in women

49
Q

how do copper IUDs work

A

prevent embryos implanting in womb

50
Q

how do hormonal IUDs work

A

contain progesterone to stop lining of womb building up

51
Q

examples of barrier methods

A

cervical cap

condom

52
Q

how do chemical methods of contraception work

A

they kill sperm to stop fertilisation

53
Q

how does the pill work

A

contains oestrogen and LH
stops production of FSH
no eggs mature
also stop lining thickening for embryo

54
Q

where are oestrogen and progesterone made

A

ovaries

55
Q

where are FSH and LH made

A

pituitary gland

56
Q

how long does the menstrual cycle last

A

28 days

57
Q

function of FSH 2

A

makes egg mature

stimulates release of oestrogen

58
Q

function of oestrogen 3

A

thickness
womb lining
stops release of FSH
stimulates release of LH

59
Q

function of LH 1

A

ovulation

60
Q

function of progesterone 1

A

keep womb lining thick

61
Q

what does LH stand for

A

luteinising hormone

62
Q

why does the lining of the womb build up

A

to prepare for the baby

63
Q

main reproductive hormone in men

A

testosterone

64
Q

3 similarities between puberty in girls and boys

A

growth spurts
underarm hair
brain matures

65
Q

4 differences between puberty in boys and girls

A

boys happen later
boy voice breaks
girls breasts develop
start menstruation

66
Q

where is testosterone produced

A

testes

67
Q

function of testosterone

A

sperm production

68
Q

what is menopause

A

when a woman’s eggs run out so she doesn’t menstruate

69
Q

what is negative feedback

A

the body’s attempt to restore optimum conditions when conditions change

70
Q

what does thyroxine do

A

controls metabolism

71
Q

what happens when levels of thyroxine falls

A

detected by sensors in the brain, stimulates release of TSH from pituitary gland
TSH stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid

72
Q

what does TSH stand for and do

A

thyroxine stimulating hormone

stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid

73
Q

changes that happen when adrenaline is released

A

increased heart rate boosts delivery of oxygen an glucose to brain prepares body for fight or flight

74
Q

is adrenaline controlled by negative feedback and why

A

no you don’t constantly need adrenalin, only in times of stress

75
Q

cause of type 1 diabetes

A

genetics

76
Q

cause of type 2 diabetes

A

lifestyle

77
Q

when does type 1 diabetes occur

A

childhood / birth

78
Q

when does type 2 diabetes occur

A

adulthood

79
Q

treatment of type 1 diabetes

A

insulin injections allows glucose to be taken into body cells and converted to glycogen in liver and stops levels getting too high
it also allows glycogen to be made back into glucose - stops levels getting too low

80
Q

why is type 1 diabetes not always treated with insulin

A

many other techniques such as pancreas transplant or pancreatic cells to make insulin
diet
weight
exercise

81
Q

treatment of type 2 diabetes

A

changing lifestyle to be more healthy drugs can help insulin work better

82
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin to monitor glucose levels

83
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

when body doesn’t respond to insulin

84
Q

why isn’t type 2 diabetes treated with insulin

A

body doesn’t respond to it

85
Q

why do you lose weight with type 1

A

using fats as fuels rather than sugar

86
Q

why do you urinate more with type 1

A

to excrete glucose

87
Q

why are you thirsty with type 1

A

to replace water lost by urinating

88
Q

why are you tired with type 1

A

no glucose for respiration for energy

89
Q

what does insulin do and what happens without it

A

allows glucose into body cells rather than in blood without it levels get too high in blood stream

90
Q

what is glucose

A

sugar used in respiration

91
Q

what is glycogen

A

how is glucose stored as a carbohydrate

92
Q

what is glucagon

A

a hormone that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose

93
Q

what does your pancreas do after eating

A

produces insulin to move glucose into cells rather than in blood

94
Q

when is glucagon used

A

when your blood sugar level is too low it converts glycogen back to glucose

95
Q

name 3 plant hormones

A

ethene , auxin , gibberellins

96
Q

what is an endocrine gland

A

secretes hormones directly into blood

97
Q

why is the pituitary gland so powerful

A

not only secretes hormones, but stimulates other glands to do so

98
Q

what is an allele

A

a form of a gene

BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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