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BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 10 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the regulation of internal conditions for cells in response to internal and external changes to maintain the best functioning environment

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2
Q

why are enzymes so important

A

they control the functioning of the cell

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3
Q

examples of internal conditions controlled by homeostasis 3

A

blood glucose levels
temperature
water content

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4
Q

examples of internal changes 3

A

when you get hotter after exercise
your blood glucose levels go up after eating
when you lose water in hot weather

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5
Q

what are receptors

A

cells that detect changes in internal or external environment

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6
Q

what are coordination centres and what they do

A

areas that receive and process information from receptors

they send out signals to other parts of the body to react

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7
Q

what is an effector

A

something that reacts to the changes to restore optimum conditions

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8
Q

what does the nervous system do

A

sends electrical impulses around the body so you can react to your surroundings

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9
Q

how are electrical signals transported

A

neurones

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10
Q

pathway that an impulse takes

A 
receptor 
sensory neurone 
relay neurone 
motor neurone 
effector
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11
Q

difference between a neurone and nerve

A

a nerve is a group of neurones

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12
Q

what is the CNS and what does it involve

A

the central nervous system, made of brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

what is a reflex

A

an automatic response

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14
Q

examples of a reflex 2

A

touching something hot and moving away

something coming at your face and you the move

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15
Q

why are reflexes so important

A

help keep us safe, they happen so fast

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16
Q

what are the three neurones involved in a reflex arc

A

sensory neurone
motor neurone
relay neurone

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17
Q

what do sensory neurones do

A

carry impulses from organ to CNS

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18
Q

what do motor neurones do

A

carry information from CNS to body

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19
Q

what do relay neurones do

A

connect sensory neurone and motor neurone found in CNS

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20
Q

describe a reflex arc

A

the impulse travels from receptor to sensory neurone to relay neurone in CNS to motor neurone and back to effector

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21
Q

what is important to remember about reflex arc

A

doesn’t need brains input

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22
Q

what is a synapse

A

something connecting the neurones which the impulse must travel across

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23
Q

what happens at the synapse

A

the electrical impulse cant cross so releases a chemical that can and this starts a new electrical impulse at the next neurone

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24
Q

why is it important reflexes don’t go to conscious area of brain

A

would take too long to process

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25
Q

what does the cerebral cortex do

A

consciousness

intelligence, memory and language

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26
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

muscle activity and balance

27
Q

what does the medulla do

A

unconscious activities like breathing, heart rate and gut movement

28
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

regulates temperature

29
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

secretes hormones for other purposes

30
Q

how can scientists find out about the brain 3

A

studying people with brain damage
electrical stimulation
MRI scans

31
Q

how does studying people with brain damage help scientists learn about the brain

A

they can match changes in behaviour with affected areas of the brain

32
Q

what is the importance of the brain

A

controls everything
processes information
sends out necessary signals for responses

33
Q

how can electrically stimulating the brain help scientists

A

they can see what effect stimulating different has

34
Q

how can MRI scans help scientists

A

it shows what area of the brain is effected by a certain problem
eg a tumour so they can see what effect this has on the body, for example if a person cant walk

35
Q

problems with the brain

A

very easily damaged and destroyed
easy to cause unintended damage in surgery
difficult to treat conditions cant reach with drugs

36
Q

function of sclera

A

though so eye is not easily damaged

37
Q

function of cornea

A

lets light into the eye

38
Q

function of iris

A

controls size of pupil

39
Q

function of suspensory ligaments and ciliary

A

change shape on lens

40
Q

function of lens

A

focusses light rays on retina

41
Q

function of retina

A

sends impulses to brain along optic nerve

42
Q

how is light focussed on the retina

A

refraction

43
Q

what is accommodation

A

changing the shape of the lens so you can se clearly

44
Q

what are the light rays from a near object like

A

very spread out

45
Q

what are the light rays from a distant object like

A

flat almost parallel

46
Q

how does your eye change to see distant objects

A

ciliary muscles relax
suspensory ligaments pulled tight
lens flat and thin
small refraction

47
Q

how does your eye change to see near objects

A

ciliary muscles pulled tight
suspensory ligaments relax
lens fat and thick
large refraction

48
Q

what is myopia

A

short sightedness

49
Q

what is hyperopia

A

long sightedness

50
Q

what is short-sightedness / myopia

A

when near objects are clear but distant ones are blurry

51
Q

what is long-sightedness / hyperopia

A

distant objects are clear but near ones are blurry

52
Q

why does myopia happen

A

the light rays are focusses infant of the retina so the image there is blurry

53
Q

how to correct myopia

A

concave lens ;

spreads out light rays so lens can focus them correctly onto retina

54
Q

why does hyperopia happen

A

light is focussed behind retina

55
Q

how to correct hyperopia

A

convex lens ; brings light rays closer together so lens perfectly focuses on retina

56
Q

how is laser eye surgery used to correct myopia

A

makes lens thinner so refraction is weaker

57
Q

how can laser eye surgery correct hyperopia

A

changes shape of lens so refraction is stronger

58
Q

what is ADH and what does it do

A

hormone released from brain to tell kidneys how much water to retain

59
Q

where is ADH released from

A

pituitary gland

60
Q

where is insulin produced

A

pancreas

61
Q

where is insulin stored

A

liver

62
Q

what part of the eye controls how much light gets through

A

iris

63
Q

what are the chemicals used to cross the synapse

A

neurotransmitters

64
Q

what happens when adrenaline is released

A

stimulates (increased glucose, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate) for increased respiration for more energy to run

BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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