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BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 16 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

definition of communities

A

the populations of different species living in a habitat

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2
Q

definition of a habitat

A

where an organism lives

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3
Q

definition of a population

A

all the organisms of one species living in a habitat

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4
Q

definition of abiotic factors

A

non living factors of the environment eg soil

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5
Q

definition of biotic factors

A

living factors of the environment eg food

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6
Q

definition of ecosystem

A

the interaction of a community of abiotic factors with the biotic parts of the environment

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7
Q

what is the main source of energy transferred through ecosystem

A

the sun

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8
Q

3 examples of interdependence

A

plants produce food by photosynthesis
animals eat plants
animals pollinate plants

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9
Q

definition of interdependence

A

how other species rely on each other for survival

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10
Q

what is a stable community

A

an ecosystem with large biodiversity

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11
Q

example of a stable community

A

a tropical rainforests

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12
Q

examples of a place with low biodiversity

A

the arctic

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13
Q

characteristics of a stable community 2

A

complex food webs

less prone to changes

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14
Q

characteristics of a place with low biodiversity

A

harsh conditions
simple food chains
vulnerable to change

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15
Q

8 examples of abiotic factors affecting communities

A 
wind intensity 
moisture levels 
soil pH 
light intensity 
temperature
oxygen conc
co2 conc 
air pollution
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16
Q

how does wind intensity affect a community

A

strong winds = high transpiration rate = more water lost = unhealthy plant

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17
Q

2 ways in which organisms compete

A

plants compete for light nutrients and space to grow

animals compete for space mates and nutrition

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18
Q

how can moisture levels affect a community

A

with little water, there will be little or no life

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19
Q

how can soil pH affect a community

A

impact rate of decay and release of mineral ions

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20
Q

how can co2 concentration affect a community

A

limiting factor of photosynthesis

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21
Q

how can pollution affect a community

A

lichen cant grow

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22
Q

how can o2 concentration affect a community

A

hughe impact on marine organisms , fish need lots of oxygen

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23
Q

how can temperature affect a community

A

limting factor in photosynthesis melting artic ice

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24
Q

how can light intensity affect a community

A

limiting factor for photosynthesis

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25
Q

6 biotic changes that can affect a community

A 
new pathogen 
new predator
competition
new species 
loss of predator 
food availability
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26
Q

how can a new pathogen impact a community

A

organisms have no resistance so can die out

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27
Q

how can completion impact a community

A

a new species may outcompete for food

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28
Q

how can food availability impact a community

A

animals struggle to survive and breed

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29
Q

how can loss of a predator impact a community

A

number of other species spiral out of control

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30
Q

how can a new predator impact a community

A

organisms that have no defences will be quickly wiped out

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31
Q

how can a new species impact a community

A

new parasites

new competition

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32
Q

3 examples of what animals compete for

A

food territory mates

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33
Q

why are animals that eat a wide range of food more likely to be successful

A

if one food source dies out, they have many others

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34
Q

why will animals compete for territory

A

they are often unable to reproduce successfully if they dont have it

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35
Q

why do animals need a territory

A

so they can breed and reproduce then ensure their young can find uncompleted food

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36
Q

how can animals compete for a mate 2

A

males will fight between themselves they will display themselves
to try and strand out

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37
Q

what makes a successful competitor 3

A

it needs to be better at finding food than other members of its species
must be able to breed successfully or they compete with other animals as little as possible

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38
Q

what do plants need to survive 5

A 
light 
co2 
water
oxygen
mineral ions
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39
Q

what is an adaptation

A

it allows an animal to survive in their habitat

40
Q

what is an extremophile

A

an animal that is adapted to live in a very harsh environemyn q

41
Q

how are extremophiles adapted to live at high temperatures

A

they have special enzymes that dont denature at these high temperatures

42
Q

how are extremophiles adapted to live in very salty places

A

their cytoplasm is adapted so water doesnt move out of their cells and into their environment by photosynthesis

43
Q

how are sea birds adapted to live by the sea

A

they cry salty tears to get rid of extra salt

44
Q

how are lilies adapted

A

they have big air spaces in their leaves so they float on top of the water and can photosynthesise

45
Q

how are animals / plants that live in freezing environments adapted

A

they produce a special antifreeze that stops the water in cells freezing

46
Q

how are herbivores adapted

A

they have special teeth for grinding up plant cells

47
Q

how are carnivores adapted

A

their teeth are adapted to tear flesh and bones

48
Q

how are normal plants adapted

A

roots allow them to get water and nutrients

49
Q

how is the saguaro adapted for pollination 4

A

they rely on bats for pollination
flowers open at night
strong scent to guide bats
flowers on top of cactus for easy feeding

50
Q

what are the three types of adaptation

A

structural
behavioural
functional

51
Q

what are the structural adaptation

A

features of an organisms body structure

52
Q

how are arctic foxed structurally adapted

A

white fur for camoflagued

53
Q

how are whales structurally adapted 2

A

thick layer of bubbler

low salvo ratio to retain heat

54
Q

how are camels adapted 2

A

thin layer of fat and large sa:v ratio to help lose heat

55
Q

what are behavioural adaptations

A

they ways an animal behaves

56
Q

how are swallows behaviourally adapted

A

they migrate to warmer climates during the winter what are functional adaptations

57
Q

what are functional adaptations

A

things that happen in an organisms body that can be related to processes like metabolism or reproduction

58
Q

how are desert animals functionally adapted

A

conserve water by very little sweat and small amounts of concentrated urine

59
Q

how are brown bears functionally adapted

A

they hibernate over winter and lower metabolism to conserve energy when there isn’t much food available

60
Q

how are animals in cold climates adapted 3

A

small sa v ratio
plenty of insulation in the form of blubber
thick fur coat

61
Q

how does camoflague work

A

the colour of the coat of the animal matches the surrounding so they dont stand out

62
Q

what are the 2 biggest challenges of an animal in the desert

A

lack of water stopping body temperature getting too high or low

63
Q

function of stomata

A

open to release gas in photosynthesis

64
Q

how are cacti adapted to store water

A

the main body is a stem where they store lots of water r

when it rains they conserve this to use later

65
Q

how can roots be adapted to collect water

A

in hot conditions the roots are wide and deep

this means they can absorb the maximum amount of water possible

66
Q

why do leaves try to reduce their surface area

A

so less water is lost when the stomata open for photosynthesis

67
Q

what are the 4 things plant compete for

A

light
water
space
minerals

68
Q

why do plants compete for light

A

to make food via photosynthesis

69
Q

why do plants compete for water 2

A

to keep cells turgid

photosynthesis

70
Q

why do plants compete for space

A

so they can get light water and minerals

71
Q

why do plants compete for nutrients

A

so their cells can make the chemicals they need

72
Q

why does a plant need to reproduce successfully

A

avoid competition

73
Q

ways of distributing seeds 4

A

wind
animal fur
explosive pods
water

74
Q

why is it good if a plant can distribute its seeds

A

so they can grow without competition form its own species

parent plants will absorb the nutrients so seedlings cant grow

75
Q

why do plants like daffodils flower early in year 3

A

the branches of the tees are bare so they can get sunlight
the dead tree doesnt take up much water
the leaves that are shed decompose and add to the minerals in the soil

76
Q

how do plants adapt their roots

A

if their competitors have shallow roots, they will have ones that reach deep underground and vice versa

77
Q

why do plants compete

A

they are often surrounded by tall trees that block sunlight absorb all water and minerals and take up space

78
Q

how is ivy adapted

A

it can climb up tall trees to reach sunlight

79
Q

what is the distribution of an organism

A

where it is found

80
Q

what is a quadrat

A

a square frame enclosing a known area

81
Q

what is the abundance of an organism

A

the population size

82
Q

how must you choose your quadratic sample size

A

at random

83
Q

why must you choose your quadratic size at random 2

A

so it reflects the true distribution of organisms

so results are valid

84
Q

what is quantitive sampling and data

A

dealing with numbers

85
Q

how to set up a transect

A

stretch a tape between two points

86
Q

how to work out the percentage of the area of a quadratic covered by an organism

A

count the little square where the organisms cover over half
divide by total number of squares
x100

87
Q

what is a transect

A

a line around which we measure the number of organisms

88
Q

what is a producer

A

something that produces its own food using energy form the sun
green plants or algae

89
Q

what is the biomass of a plant

A

the energy stores in a plant

90
Q

order of basic food chain

A

producer - primary consumer - secondary consumer - tertiary consumer

91
Q

how is energy transferred through an ecosystem

A

when organisms eat each other

92
Q

what is the population of a species usually limited by

A

the food available

93
Q

what are predator prey cycles always out of phase with each other

A

it takes a while for the population to respond to the changes

94
Q

what normally happens when the population of prey increases

A

the population of the predator does too

95
Q

what normally happens when the population of predators increase

A

the number of prey decrease

BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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