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BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 14 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two types of variation

A

environmental and genetic

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2
Q

what causes genetic variations

A

the fusion of two sets of dna - one from mother, one from father

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3
Q

examples of characteristics influenced only by genes 3

A

eye colour
inherited diseases
blood group

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4
Q

what causes environmental variation

A

the conditions and environment organism lives and grows in

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5
Q

definition of environmental variation

A

differences between organisms of the same species due to differences in their surroundings

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6
Q

definition of genetic variation

A

the combination of two sets of dna leading to different characteristics in the offspring

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7
Q

examples of characteristics caused by environmental variation 3

A

suntan
education
height in plants

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8
Q

what are most characteristics caused by

A

both environmental and genetic variation

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9
Q

what is natural selection

A

the organisms with the most suitable characteristics for the environment survive and pass on these successful alleles

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10
Q

what is a mutation

A

a change in genetic code

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11
Q

what does evolution through natural selection suggest

A

only the most well adapted to an environment will survive and pass on their alleles, leading to changes in the characteristics of organisms

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12
Q

4 key steps in natural selection

A

mutation of a gene
advantages of survival
breed
pass on genes

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13
Q

what will mutation very rarely lead to

A

a new phenotype

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14
Q

example of mutation in action

A

giraffes having long necks to be able to reach leaves

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15
Q

what is the phenotype caused by

A

genes

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16
Q

what is speciation

A

development of a new species

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17
Q

how does speciation occur

A

the phenotype of an organism changes so much that a completely new species is formed

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18
Q

what is extinction

A

no individuals of a species remain

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19
Q

3 reasons for extinction

A

new predator
new disease
catastrophic event eg natural disasters

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20
Q

what is selective breeding

A

breeding two specific parents to produce offspring with a desired characteristic

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21
Q

examples where selective breeding is used 3

A

cows producing more milk
crops with disease resistance
pets with good temperament

22
Q

basic process of selective breeding

A

select parents with desired characteristic breed them together
select the offspring with the best characteristic and breed these continue until all offspring have trait

23
Q

problems with selective breeding 2

A

inbreeding causing health problems

new diseases/ changes in the environment - no variation to adapt

24
Q

what is inbreeding

A

when two animals that are closely related are bred

25
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

altering the genetic material of an organism by transferring a gene so it has a desired characteristic

26
Q

what is used to cut out a gene in genetic engineering

A

an anzyme

27
Q

what is the removed gene inserted into

A

a vector

28
Q

what does the vector do in genetic engineering

A

it is used to insert the gene into the organisms

29
Q

process of genetic engineering

A

the gene is isolated and cut out from one organism
it is inserted into a vector
the vector inserts the gene into the desired cells
the organisms grow with the characteristic

30
Q

examples of vectors used in genetic engineering 2

A

bacteria

viruses

31
Q

examples of where genetic engineering has been used 3

A

bacteria making insulin
gm crops for a higher yield
gene therapy

32
Q

what is gene therapy

A

swapping faulty genes in ill people with working ones to cure the disease

33
Q

why are crops genetically modified

A

they have increased yields

frost and pest resistant

34
Q

main advantage to increased crop yields

A

can feed growing population

35
Q

advantages to gm crops

A

increased yield
more nutrients
can grow in difficult climates

36
Q

problems with gm crops 3 `

A

can affect wildflowers
we don’t fully understand health impacts
transplanted genes may mix into environment too form herbicide resistant weeds

37
Q

what is a clone

A

something that is genetically identical to its parents

38
Q

main way of cloning plants

A

tissue culture

39
Q

process of cloning by tissue culture

A

plant cells are put in a growth medium and grow into clones of their parents

40
Q

advantages to tissue culture 3

A

made quickly
preserve rare plants
grown all year round

41
Q

alternative way of cloning plants

A

cuttings

42
Q

process of cloning by cuttings

A

cutting are taken form parent plant and grown to make clones

43
Q

main way of cloning animals

A

cuttings are taken form parent plant and grown to make many clones

44
Q

main way of cloning animals

A

embryo transplants

45
Q

process of embryo transplant

A

sperm cells taken from animals
egg cells taken from another animal
the two are combined to form an embryo
these cells are unspecialised so can become a whole animal
the embryo is split apart and the cells transplanted into the surrogate mother

46
Q

what is adult cell cloning

A

when a whole new animal is produced from one cell if an adult animal

47
Q

process of adult cell cloning

A

taking unfertilised egg cells and remove nucleus
another nucleus is taken form an adult body cell
the nucleus is inserted into the empty egg cell
the egg cell is stimulated to divide
this created an embryo which is then implanted into the adult female to grow

48
Q

benefits of adult cell cloning 3

A

animals that are already producing used proteins in their milk can be cloned
save animals from extinction
bring back extinct species

49
Q

problems with adult cell cloning

A

reduced variety in an population - unable to adapt to change
loss of embryo life
‘designer babies’

50
Q

benefits of genetic modification in medicine 3

A

potential to cure inherited diseases
insulin and growth hormones can be made from bacteria or fungi
genetically modified mice used to develop cure

51
Q

benefits of genetic modification in agriculture 3

A

crops can grow in difficult climates

increase yield pest of frost resistance

BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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