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BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 13 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two types of reproduction

A

asexual and sexual

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2
Q

how many parents in asexual

A

1

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3
Q

how do cells divide in asexual reproduction

A

mitosis (a cell divides in two to make new ones )

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4
Q

what is important to remember about the offspring of asexual reproduction

A

they will be genetically identical to the parent

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5
Q

why will the offspring of asexual reproduction be genetically identical to the parent

A

no fusion of gametes - the genetic information in the offspring will be identical to the parent

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6
Q

another name for the offspring of asexual reproduction

A

clones

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7
Q

where is asexual reproduction most common 4

A

bacteria
some plants
some animals
human body cells

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8
Q

how many parent are involved in sexual reproduction

A

2

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9
Q

what are the sex cells called

A

gametes

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10
Q

what do the two sex cells fuse to from

A

a zygote

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11
Q

how are gametes formed

A

meiosis

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12
Q

what is important to remember about sex cells

A

they have half the number of chromosones so the zygote will have the correct number

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13
Q

how many chromosomes in a sperm or egg cell

A

23

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14
Q

what is important to remember about the offspring of sexual reproduction

A

they wont be identical to the parents - variation

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15
Q

why is variation important

A

it allows variation in the offspring to adapt to changes in their surroundings

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16
Q

in humans, where does meiosis take place

A

testes and ovaries

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17
Q

what does meiosis result in

A

sex cells / gametes

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18
Q

hows many cells divisions are there in meiosis

A

2

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19
Q

why is there variation in offspring produced by sexual reproduction

A

each gamete is different and then this different gamete fuses with another gamete. that is different to the parent making more variation

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20
Q

process of meiosis

A
  • ->1 cell duplicates its genetic information eg chromosomes so there are 4 sets rather that 2
  • ->2 the cell then divides twice to form 4 gametes each with a single set of chromosomes
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21
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A

only one parent needed
uses less energy as no mate is needed - faster
rare plant species

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22
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A

variation

natural selection - animals better adapted pass on the genes needed for successful survival in that habitat

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23
Q

most common method of reproduction in fungi

A

asexual

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24
Q

name 3 examples of both asexual and sexual reproduction

A

plants
malaria parasite
fungi

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25
Q

how do fungi use both types of reproduction to their advantage

A

they produce asexually when conditions for them are god and they have the adaptations needed to survive then reproduce sexually when conditions are bad and they need to adapt to survive

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26
Q

what is the disease where a baby has extra fingers or toes

A

polydactly

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27
Q

is polydactly dominant or recessive

A

dominant

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28
Q

what is a punnet square

A

a diagram that shows you the predicted outcomes of the children with certain diseases/featured

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29
Q

what are the sex chromosomes of females

A

XX

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30
Q

what are the sex chromosomes of males

A

XY

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31
Q

how do malaria parasites reproduce both sexually and asexually

A

in their host/ a human they will reproduce asexually to create lots of clones
in the mosquito they will produce sexually to encourage variation as the mosquito is a lot cooler in temperature than the human and they need to adapt to be able to survive
they will then reproduce asexually in the mosquito to make as many parasites as possible

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32
Q

2 examples of asexual reproduction in plants

A

strawberry plants
sprouting from runners
daffodils from bulbs

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33
Q

how do plants use sexual reproduction

A

pollination - an insect carries pollen from one flower to another creating new plants via sexual reproduction

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34
Q

what are the sex organs on a plant

A

the flowers

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35
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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36
Q

what does dna determine

A

what characteristics you have

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37
Q

shape of DNA

A

double helix

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38
Q

what type of structure is DNA

A

a polymer

39
Q

what is a gene

A

a small section of DNA found on a chromosome

40
Q

how many different amino acids are used

A

20

41
Q

what does a gene do

A

tells the cells what order to put the amino acids together in

42
Q

what is the genome

A

the entire set of genetic material in an organism

43
Q

why do we need to understand the genome 3

A

we can identify genes that cause different diseases
we can develop better treatments for them
we can trace the migration of certain groups from around the world

44
Q

how many genes are in the human genome

A

21,000

45
Q

what is DNA made from

A

alternating phosphate and sugar sections

46
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

a combination of a sugar phosphate and base

47
Q

what are the four bases

A

A C G T

48
Q

what are the nucleotides grouped in

A

3s `

49
Q

what forms the backbone of the strand

(the single coloured section around the edge of the helix

A

the phosphate and sugar

50
Q

what does A always pair with

A

T

51
Q

what does C always pair with

A

G

52
Q

what can do the non coding part of dna do

A

turn genes on and off

53
Q

what is a mutation

A

a random change in an organisms dna

54
Q

what is a phenotype

A

physical expression of a gene combination

55
Q

what do mutations do

A

change the sequence of DNA bases in a gene so the protein it produced isn’t always correct

56
Q

2 serious impacts of mutations on proteins

A

the shape of an enzymes active site could change structural proteins could lose their strength

57
Q

3 types of mutations

A

insertion
deletion
substitution

58
Q

how does insertion work

A

a new base is inserted into the dna sequence where it shouldn’t be

59
Q

how does deletion work

A

a random base is deleted from the DNA sequence

60
Q

how does substitution worl

A

random bases in the dna base sequence are changed for another base

61
Q

what is an allele

A

a different form of a gene

62
Q

what is a homozygote

A

an individual with 2 identical alleles for a characteristic eg BB bb

63
Q

what is a heterozygote

A

an individual with 2 different alleles eg Bb

64
Q

what is a genotype

A

the genetic makes up of an individual regarding a single characteristic

65
Q

what is a dominant allele

A

the allele that overrules the recessive allele to show the characteristics in the person

66
Q

what must happen for an organism to display a recessive characteristic

A

both of its alleles must be the same bb

67
Q

what is a genetic diagram

A

models used to show all the possible expected genetic outcomes

68
Q

what are most the characteristics a result of

A

several genes interacting

69
Q

best diagram to show genetic outcomes

A

punnett square

70
Q

what to remember about showing a punnett square

A

write out all the possible outcomes, what they show and the probability

71
Q

what do all human eggs contain

A

an x chromosome

72
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

when the body produces a lot of thick sticky mucus especially in the lungs

73
Q

what type of allele is cystic fibrosis caused by

A

a recessive allele

74
Q

3 treatments for cystic fibrosis

A

physiotherapy
antiobiotics
enzymes to replace ones the pancreas cant secrete

75
Q

effect of cystic fibrosis on pancreas

A

the pancreas becomes clogged up and cant secrete enzymes

76
Q

what is a carrier

A

a person who is healthy but carries the recessive allele

77
Q

why must two people who are carriers create a child with cystic fibrosis

A

it is a recessive allele

78
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

when scientists replace faulty genes that case a disorder with new healthy ones

79
Q

process of amniocentesis

A

a needle is inserted into the amniotic sack, fluid is sucked up and then analysed

80
Q

when is amniocentesis carried out

A

15-16 weeks

81
Q

main three ways of harvesting cells from embryos

A

amniocentesis
chronic villus sampling
IVF

82
Q

process of chorionic villus sampling

A

cells are taken from the developing placenta either with a needle or cathether

83
Q

advantages of offering genetic testing to all pregnant couple 3

A

can identify potentially fatal diseases
gives the parent the knowledge and potion of what to do
allows a couple using IVF to have the best chance at a healthy surviving baby

84
Q

disadvantages of offering genetic testing to all pregnant couple

A

expensive
the parents face with a very difficult decision
increased risk of miscarrying a healthy baby

85
Q

what will meiosis result in

A

non identical cells being formed

86
Q

what will mitosis result in

A

identical cells being formed

87
Q

where is meiosis used

A

to create sex cells

88
Q

what is important to remember about all gametes

A

they are genetically different

89
Q

what is an allele

A

the different forms of a gene

90
Q

process of photosynthesis

A

DNA in the nucleus unravels
enzymes make a copy of the DNA called mRNA
mRNA travels to from the nucleus to ribosomes
ribosomes translate 3 bases into amino acids
ribosomes link amino acids to form a protein

91
Q

what is mRNA and what does it do

A

messenger RNA it is a copy of dna sent from the nucleus to the ribosomes to code for proteins

92
Q

function of a gene

A

it contains dna it codes for the production of specific amino acids

93
Q

how are seeds produced

A

pollination of egg cells in one flower by pollen form another

94
Q

how are embryos screened for alleles thar cause genetic disorders

A

dna isolate from embryo
fluorescent probe mixed with embryo dna
probe binds to dna
uv light shows up alleles for disorder

BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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