CHAPTER 4

Question 1

what are the four components of blood

Answer 1

plasma, platelets, RBCs and WBCs

Question 2

what does plasma transport

Answer 2

waste CO2
urea
small soluble products of digestion

Question 3

function of rbcs

Answer 3

pick up oxygen from lungs and carry to cells where it is needed

Question 4

adaptions of rbcs

Answer 4

biconcave - big SA for diffusion
full of haemoglobin (binds to oxygen)
no nucleus- more haemoglobin

Question 5

function of wbcs

Answer 5

form part of defence system

Question 6

what do lymphocytes do

Answer 6

form antibodies against microorganisms

Question 7

what do phagocytes do

Answer 7

engulf and digest bacteria and viruses

Question 8

function of platelets

Answer 8

clot at site of wound to stop bacteria entering

Question 9

what makes up the circulatory system

Answer 9

blood, blood vessels and heart

Question 10

what are three types of blood vessels

Answer 10

arteries , veins, capillaries

Question 11

function or arteries

Answer 11

carry blood from heart to organs
thick walls
very dangerous to cut - high pressure as from heart

Question 12

function of capillaries

Answer 12

form network of tiny vessels to link ventricles and atriums
narrow and thin
easy for diffusion

Question 13

function of veins

Answer 13

carry blood from organs to heart
quite thing as blood is at lower pressure
often have valves

Question 14

what is a double circulatory system

Answer 14

one transports blood from heart to lungs and back again

other carries blood from heart to organs and back again

Question 15

what is the point of valves

Answer 15

stops backflow

Question 16

what is a biological valve

Answer 16

passed on pig and cow valves

patient doesn’t need medication for 12-15 years

Question 17

artificial pacemakers

Answer 17

connected to heart by wires

corrects irregularities

Question 18

what are artificial pacemakers used for

Answer 18

keeps patients alive while wait for transplant

give a heart a rest aid to recovery

Question 19

what is the job of the ventilation system

Answer 19

move air in and out of lungs

Question 20

what happens when you breathe in

Answer 20

ribs move up and out as volume of chest increases
increased volumes = lower pressures
outside air is higher pressure so moves into lungs

Question 21

what happens when you exhale

Answer 21

volume of chest gets smaller
smaller volume = increased pressure
outside air is lower pressure so air moves out of lungs

Question 22

adaptions of alveoli

Answer 22

large SA
rich blood supply
steep concentration gradient

Question 23

characteristics of palisade mesophyll cells

Answer 23

lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Question 24

characteristics of spongy mesophyll

Answer 24

some chloroplasts for photosynthesis

big air spaces and large SA for easy diffusion

Question 25

function of xylem

Answer 25

carry water and dissolves minerals from roots to leaves

Question 26

function of phloem

Answer 26

carry dissolved food from leaves around plants

Question 27

function of leaf

Answer 27

photosynthesis

Question 28

function of roots

Answer 28

take up water and minerals from soil

Question 29

function of stem

Answer 29

supports leaves and flowers

Question 30

function of stomata

Answer 30

allow gases to move in and out of leaf

Question 31

function of guard cells

Answer 31

control opening and closing of stoma

Question 32

what is translocation

Answer 32

movement of dissolved sugars from leaves to rest of plant

Question 33

why is transport in a plant so important

Answer 33

all cells need sugar for respiration | all cells need water

Question 34

what is transpiration

Answer 34

when water is lost through stomata

Question 35

what is the transpiration system

Answer 35

when water leaves stomata so is drawn up through roots and this process repeats

Question 36

how are photosynthesis and transpiration connected

Answer 36

anything that increases photosynthesis increases transpiration

Question 37

what increases transpiration and photosynthesis

Answer 37

heat wind light

Question 38

what do WBCs do

Answer 38

make antitoxins , antibodies and ingest microorganisms

Question 39

function of platelets

Answer 39

help clot blood

Question 40

function of plasma

Answer 40

transport various substances eg CO2 glucose and urea around the body

Question 41

when looking at a heart diagram what must you remember

Answer 41

it is from the perspective of the person whose heart it is (L side is R on diagram)

Question 42

what is coronary heart disease

Answer 42

when cholesterol builds up in the coronary arteries and means the heart has to work harder to push blood through

Question 43

how do stents work

Answer 43

the balloon expands and deflates leaving a metal mesh. This expand the artery to let more blood through faster

Question 44

how do statins work

Answer 44

reduce blood cholesterol levels to stop so much gathering in arteries

Question 45

how do plants reduce water loss

Answer 45

waxy cuticle to stop uncontrolled loss of stomata found on underside of leaf and protect from sun and evaporation

Question 46

function of right ventricle

Answer 46

pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

Question 47

function of left ventricle

Answer 47

pumps oxygenated blood around the body

Question 48

which side is the vena cava on

Answer 48

right

Question 49

which side is the pulmonary artery on

Answer 49

right

Question 50

two vessels bringing blood to heart

Answer 50

vena cava | pulmonary vein

Question 51

which side is the pulmonary artery on

Answer 51

right

Question 52

which side is aorta on

Answer 52

left

Question 53

function of coronary arteries

Answer 53

supply heart with oxygenated blood

Question 54

function of pulmonary artery

Answer 54

takes deoxygenated blood to lungs

Question 55

function of aorta

Answer 55

takes oxygenated blood around body

Question 56

why is the muscle on the LHS of the heart thicker

Answer 56

must pump blood faster

Question 57

advantage of biological valve

Answer 57

no medication

Question 58

disadvantage of biological valve

Answer 58

only last 15 years

Question 59

advantage of mechanical valves

Answer 59

last long time

Question 60

disadvantage of mechanical valves

Answer 60

medicine

Question 61

layers of tissues in leaf

Answer 61

waxy cuticle epidermal tissue palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll

Question 62

function of meristem

Answer 62

able to differentiate to allow plant growth

Question 63

what is xylem strengthened with

Answer 63

lignin

Question 64

structure of xylem

Answer 64

made of dead cells strengthened with lignin | carry water and minerals from roots to stem and leaves

Question 65

structure of phloem

Answer 65

made of living cells with holes to let cell sap through | allow food to flow through

Question 66

function of stomata

Answer 66

lets co2 in for photosynthesis

Question 67

why does hot windy dry conditions increase transpiration

Answer 67

diffusion happens faster steeper concentration gradient increased evaporation

Question 68

how do plants change to preserve water and why

Answer 68

wilt - reduces sa for evaporation | stomata close - stops photosynthesis