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BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 4 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the four components of blood

A

plasma, platelets, RBCs and WBCs

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2
Q

what does plasma transport

A

waste CO2
urea
small soluble products of digestion

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3
Q

function of rbcs

A

pick up oxygen from lungs and carry to cells where it is needed

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4
Q

adaptions of rbcs

A

biconcave - big SA for diffusion
full of haemoglobin (binds to oxygen)
no nucleus- more haemoglobin

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5
Q

function of wbcs

A

form part of defence system

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6
Q

what do lymphocytes do

A

form antibodies against microorganisms

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7
Q

what do phagocytes do

A

engulf and digest bacteria and viruses

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8
Q

function of platelets

A

clot at site of wound to stop bacteria entering

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9
Q

what makes up the circulatory system

A

blood, blood vessels and heart

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10
Q

what are three types of blood vessels

A

arteries , veins, capillaries

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11
Q

function or arteries

A

carry blood from heart to organs
thick walls
very dangerous to cut - high pressure as from heart

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12
Q

function of capillaries

A

form network of tiny vessels to link ventricles and atriums
narrow and thin
easy for diffusion

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13
Q

function of veins

A

carry blood from organs to heart
quite thing as blood is at lower pressure
often have valves

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14
Q

what is a double circulatory system

A

one transports blood from heart to lungs and back again

other carries blood from heart to organs and back again

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15
Q

what is the point of valves

A

stops backflow

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16
Q

what is a biological valve

A

passed on pig and cow valves

patient doesn’t need medication for 12-15 years

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17
Q

artificial pacemakers

A

connected to heart by wires

corrects irregularities

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18
Q

what are artificial pacemakers used for

A

keeps patients alive while wait for transplant

give a heart a rest aid to recovery

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19
Q

what is the job of the ventilation system

A

move air in and out of lungs

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20
Q

what happens when you breathe in

A

ribs move up and out as volume of chest increases
increased volumes = lower pressures
outside air is higher pressure so moves into lungs

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21
Q

what happens when you exhale

A

volume of chest gets smaller
smaller volume = increased pressure
outside air is lower pressure so air moves out of lungs

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22
Q

adaptions of alveoli

A

large SA
rich blood supply
steep concentration gradient

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23
Q

characteristics of palisade mesophyll cells

A

lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

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24
Q

characteristics of spongy mesophyll

A

some chloroplasts for photosynthesis

big air spaces and large SA for easy diffusion

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25
Q

function of xylem

A

carry water and dissolves minerals from roots to leaves

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26
Q

function of phloem

A

carry dissolved food from leaves around plants

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27
Q

function of leaf

A

photosynthesis

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28
Q

function of roots

A

take up water and minerals from soil

29
Q

function of stem

A

supports leaves and flowers

30
Q

function of stomata

A

allow gases to move in and out of leaf

31
Q

function of guard cells

A

control opening and closing of stoma

32
Q

what is translocation

A

movement of dissolved sugars from leaves to rest of plant

33
Q

why is transport in a plant so important

A

all cells need sugar for respiration

all cells need water

34
Q

what is transpiration

A

when water is lost through stomata

35
Q

what is the transpiration system

A

when water leaves stomata so is drawn up through roots and this process repeats

36
Q

how are photosynthesis and transpiration connected

A

anything that increases photosynthesis increases transpiration

37
Q

what increases transpiration and photosynthesis

A

heat wind light

38
Q

what do WBCs do

A

make antitoxins , antibodies and ingest microorganisms

39
Q

function of platelets

A

help clot blood

40
Q

function of plasma

A

transport various substances eg CO2 glucose and urea around the body

41
Q

when looking at a heart diagram what must you remember

A

it is from the perspective of the person whose heart it is (L side is R on diagram)

42
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

when cholesterol builds up in the coronary arteries and means the heart has to work harder to push blood through

43
Q

how do stents work

A

the balloon expands and deflates leaving a metal mesh. This expand the artery to let more blood through faster

44
Q

how do statins work

A

reduce blood cholesterol levels to stop so much gathering in arteries

45
Q

how do plants reduce water loss

A

waxy cuticle to stop uncontrolled loss of stomata found on underside of leaf and protect from sun and evaporation

46
Q

function of right ventricle

A

pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

47
Q

function of left ventricle

A

pumps oxygenated blood around the body

48
Q

which side is the vena cava on

A

right

49
Q

which side is the pulmonary artery on

A

right

50
Q

two vessels bringing blood to heart

A

vena cava

pulmonary vein

51
Q

which side is the pulmonary artery on

A

right

52
Q

which side is aorta on

A

left

53
Q

function of coronary arteries

A

supply heart with oxygenated blood

54
Q

function of pulmonary artery

A

takes deoxygenated blood to lungs

55
Q

function of aorta

A

takes oxygenated blood around body

56
Q

why is the muscle on the LHS of the heart thicker

A

must pump blood faster

57
Q

advantage of biological valve

A

no medication

58
Q

disadvantage of biological valve

A

only last 15 years

59
Q

advantage of mechanical valves

A

last long time

60
Q

disadvantage of mechanical valves

A

medicine

61
Q

layers of tissues in leaf

A

waxy cuticle
epidermal tissue
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll

62
Q

function of meristem

A

able to differentiate to allow plant growth

63
Q

what is xylem strengthened with

A

lignin

64
Q

structure of xylem

A

made of dead cells strengthened with lignin

carry water and minerals from roots to stem and leaves

65
Q

structure of phloem

A

made of living cells with holes to let cell sap through

allow food to flow through

66
Q

function of stomata

A

lets co2 in for photosynthesis

67
Q

why does hot windy dry conditions increase transpiration

A

diffusion happens faster
steeper concentration gradient
increased evaporation

68
Q

how do plants change to preserve water and why

A

wilt - reduces sa for evaporation

stomata close - stops photosynthesis

BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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