Chapter 6 Flashcards
All chemical reactions in your body; all of the chemical reactions in an organism. Build and break molecules.
amino acids–> proteins
<–
metabolism
Begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product, each step catalyzed by specific enzyme
Metabolic pathway
Where you breakdown a molecule. Release energy by breaking down complex molecules. Need enzymes to make reactions occur.
Catabolic pathways
Example of catabolic pathways would be?
nucleic acid–>nucleotides
Catabolic. Exit when molecules break down. Releases of free energy and is spontaneous. Makes and gives energy
Exergonic
Example of Exergonic
nucleic acid–>nucleotides and ATP
build molecules up. Consume energy to build complex molecules.
Anabolic pathways
Example of anabolic pathways:
monosaccharides–> polysaccharide
Anabolic. require energy and is nonspontaneous.
Endergonic
ender: going in
Example of endergonic:
ATP and Monosaccharides–> Polysaccharides
To do work, cells manage energy resources by energy coupling, the use of what process to drive an endergonic one?
exergonic
ability/capacity to promote or cause change
Energy
energy of motion
kinetic energy
stored energy
potential energy
Convert stored potential energy to kinetic.
Laws of Energy Transformation
study of energy transformations
Thermodynamics
energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
1st Thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increase the entropy (disorder) of the universe
2nd law of Thermodynamics
disorder happens when you don’t do your laundry you need to keep doing it o have a system, an order
entrophy (disorder
a chemical reaction that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by a reaction
protein catalyst
catalyst: something that speeds up a chemical reaction or makes a chemical reaction occur
Example of enzyme:
sucrose -> glucose + fructose
(substrate) (product)
sucrose=carb/disaccharide broken doing into fructose= enzyme that makes this occur is sucrASE – “ase” means enzyme
a reactant an enzyme works on
substrate
What reaction is a hydrolysis reaction?
catabolic reaction
Produce energy /ATP is what reaction?
exergonic
When enzyme binds to substrate
enzyme-substrate complex
region on enzyme where substrate binds. Little nuck or empty space, in bend of a protein
Active site
Enzymes squeezes substrate by changing shape. Strains and breaks bonds holding it together and is reused. Substrate and active site need to match up perfectly.
Induced fit
Highly specific, they only have one shape that matches up with each other
enzyme
How enzymes work:
- Orienting substrates correctly
- Straining substrate bonds
- Providing a favorable microenvironment
- Covalently bonding to the substrate
When you add more substrate what is the rate of reaction?
makes reaction faster
when you can reduce more substrate what is the rate of the reaction?
makes the reaction slower
Increased amount of enzyme means for the rate of reaction to what?
increase
Enzymes can be affected by what? hint: just like proteins, denaturation
environment and temperature
Increase pH makes the rate of reaction do what?
slow down/stop
Decrease in temp makes the rate of reaction do what?
slow down/stop
Helper to work. Molecules that make enzymes work correctly. Nonprotein enzyme helpers. May be inorganic or organic.
Ex–> iron in your blood cells (hemoglobin). Make hemoglobin work properly –help oxygen be given properly
Cofactors
An inorganic cofactor is what?
Ex–> CoQ10
helps everything but already in your body making enzymes work properly–make ATP
coenzyme
Increase inhibitor means the rate of reaction does what?
slow down
Decrease inhibitor means the rate of reaction does what?
reaction speeds up
Slow down reactions. Change isn’t permanent, it foes away when reaction is ready to occur
inhibitors
Bind to active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate. Competes with substrate in binding with active site inhibiting reaction.
Competitive Inhibitor
Bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective. Binds to allosteric site (not active site) causing enzyme to change shape.
Noncompetitive Inhibitor
The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway. Self regulation. Prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more product than is needed.
Act as an inhibitor early on in the pathway, don’t want to waste time, if you’re going to do it, do it in the beginning=save resources.
Ex–> want to become a doctor–>go to school–>make a plan–>take science and then decide I don’t like it as much but you do like psychology and change path to get to the end product.
Feedback Inhibitor
