Chapter 2 Flashcards
What do atoms join together to make?
Molecules
What are the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element?
Atoms
Atoms can be broken down into its parts: Subatomic Particles
What are the parts atoms can be broken down into?
Subatomic Particles
Neutrons: no electrical charge
Protons: positive, in nucleus
Electrons: negative, in cloud (outside of nucleus)
What does the atomic number tell you?
number of protons
Carbon (C) example: atomic # = 6 (number of protons)
What is the calculation for atomic mass?
protons + neutrons
calculation: atomic mass = (number of protons + neutrons)
Revert to Ch.2 Notes to know how to calculate atomic mass and chemical bonds—> turn flascard
atoms will form molecules because outer shell is not full
inner shell: any holds 2
outer shell: only hold 8
What type of chemical bonds involve shared electrons and are atoms held together by shared electrons?
Covalent Bonds
What do neutrons equal? Protons? And Electrons? Which ones are inside or outside the nucleus
Neutrons: no electrical charge
Protons: positive, in nucleus
Electrons: negative, in cloud (outside of nucleus)
Electrons are not 50/50. Atoms do not share electrons equally.
Example: H2O water *** look at notes for example
Polar Covalent Bond
positive & negative attract each other & create this. 2 molecules
Hydrogen Bond
only go in 1 direction
Irreversible reactions
<—>
Reversible reactions
Anything that takes up space and has mass.
Made of elements.
Matter
Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Elements
Substances composed of two or more elements bonded together.
Compounds
Elements needed by an organism to live a healthy life and reproduce.
C, H, O, N make up 96% of living matter.
Essential Elements
The ability to cause change.
Energy
Energy that matter has because of its location or structure.
Potential energy
Atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons.
Isotopes
The atom’s attraction for electrons in a covalent bond; the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons
Electronegativity
Attraction between anion and cation. Where atom gives bond.
Ionic bonds
Required in only minute quantities
Trace Elements
electrons in the outer shell.
Valence electrons
What is a positively charged ion? What is a negatively charged ion?
Positive—> cation
Negative —> anion
Atoms share electrons equally
Nonpolar covalent bond
Making and breaking of chemical bonds.
Chemical reactions
Starting molecules of chemical reactions
Reactants
The final molecules of a chemical reaction
Product
Cohesive behavior. Ability to moderate temperature.
Expansion upon freezing. Versatility as a solvent.
Emergent Properties of Water
liquid that is a homogenous mixture of substances
Solution
Dissolving agent, usually water
Solvent
Substance that is dissolved
Solute
Water molecules are linked by multiple hydrogen bonds.
Water molecules stay close together
Cohesion
Water sticks to other substances
Adhesion
Measure of H ions
pH scale
Acids—> increase H concentration
Bases—> reduce H concentration
Which of the following subatomic particles is found in an orbital?
A.) Electron
B.) Hydrogen
C.) Proton
D.) Neutron
B.) Electrons
Ions with a net negative charge are called _________, while ions with a net positive charge are called __________.
A.) electrons; protons
B.) anions; cations
C.) acids; bases
D. cations; anions
E.) polar; nonpolar
B.) anions; cations
What is an atom that has different numbers of neutrons?
Isotope
AN atom that has a different number of electrons are?
ions
What ions give away electrons? What ions are electrons that are negative and receive the electron?
1.)cation
2.) anion
