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BIO-111 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

He studied inheritance in pea plants. Discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments.

A

Mendel

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2
Q

Mendel worked with peas because:

A

1.) Many varieties with distinct heritable features, or characters
2.) He could control mating between plants

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3
Q

character variants

A

traits

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4
Q

Alternative versions of a gene. An organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent

A

Alleles

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5
Q

Determines the organisms appearance; what you see

A

Dominant allele

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6
Q

Has no noticeable effect on appearance; masked or covered up by dominant allele

A

Recessive allele

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7
Q

Genetic makeup of an individual (2 alleles)

A

Genotype

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8
Q

Where alleles are different; genotype with different alleles

A

Heterozygous (different)

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9
Q

Where alleles are same; genotype with same alleles

A

Homozygous (same)

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10
Q

physical appearance of individual; how you look

A

Phenotype

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11
Q

What is Mendel’s First Law?

A

Law of Segregation

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12
Q

The two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.

A

Law of Segregation

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13
Q

Possible combinations of sperm and egg can be shown using this to predict the results of a genetic cross.

A

Punnett Square

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14
Q

Experiment to determine the genotype of a dominant phenotype of a dominant phenotype individual. Cross dominant phenotype individual with a homozygous recessive individual.

A

Testcross

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15
Q

What is Mendel’s Second Law?

A

Law of independent assortment

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16
Q

The results of Mendel’s dihybrid experiments (2 traits) are the basis for this. Each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair during gamete formation.

A

Law of independent assortment

17
Q

True or False?
Not all inheritable characters are determined as simply as the traits Mendel studied. However, the basic principles of segregation and independent assortment apply even to more complex patterns of inheritance.

A

True

18
Q

Occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical.

A

Complete Dominance

19
Q

The phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties.
AA- red
Aa-pink
aa-white

A

Incomplete Dominance

20
Q

Where 2 alleles are both expressed. Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.
ex–>AB blood

A

Codominance (together/both)

21
Q

1 gene has multiple genotypes. Most genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called this. Are responsible for the multiple symptoms of certain hereditary diseases like cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell disease
ex–> a-1 gene
ex–> cystic fibrosis
pheno: lungs, sweat glands, liver

A

Pleiotropy

22
Q

A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus. Where 1 gene alters the phenotype expression of another gene. ex–> 1 gene– Aa
1 pheno: tall

A

Epistasis

23
Q

Many genes. Ex–> skin color in humans.
Quantitative characters are those that vary in the population along a continuum.
Quantitative variation usually indicates this, an addictive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype.
Where many genes impact your phenotype. You can be a range of heights. Big or small. Can come up with Quantitative value. Light or dark eyes–> number of value to that or number of hairdyes

A

Polygenic Inheritance

24
Q

Another departure from Mendelian genetics arises when he phenotype for a character depends on environment as well as genotype. Can change what DNA your body uses or expresses but does NOT change your actual DNA.

A

The environment

25
Q

A family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations

A

Pedigree

26
Q

Many genetic disorders are inherited in a recessive or dominant manner?

A

recessive

27
Q

Recessively inherited disorders show up only in individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the allele?

A

homozygous

28
Q

Are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal

A

Carriers

29
Q

Human disorder caused by dominant alleles. Dominant alleles that cause a lethal disease are rare and arise by mutation. Ex–> dwarfism

A

Dominantly Inherited Disorders

30
Q

Is a form of dwarfism caused by a rare dominant allele

A

Achondroplasia

31
Q

Where 2 alleles are expressed.

A

Codominance

32
Q

What does not follow Mendel’s Rules?

A

Pleitrophy

BIO-111 (17 decks)

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