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BIO-111 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How DNA makes a functional protein. This is a portion of DNA that will be made into a protein.
Piece or segment of DNA that makes proteins or different amounts of proteins. A unit of heredity, a segment of DNA that encodes RNA and/or a protein.

A

Genes

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2
Q

How we take a gene and make a protein from it.

A

Gene Expression

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3
Q

Gene Expression in Prokaryotes:

A

DNA –(transcription- make RNA)–> mRNA–(translation-make protein)–> Protein

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4
Q

Gene Expression in Eukaryotes:

A

DNA–(transcription)–> pre mRNA–(RNA processing-take DNA to make mRNA)–> mature mRNA–(translation)–> Protein

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5
Q

Make an RNA copy of DNA. The process of making mRNA from DNA.

A

Transcription

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6
Q

Where transcription begins on DNA. The signal on the strand of DNA that begins transcription. Site of RNA polymerase binding.

A

Promoter

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7
Q

Where transcription ends. The signal on strand of DNA that ends transcription.

A

Terminator

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8
Q

mRNA cannot be made until what is activated?

A

The promoter

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9
Q

Site for the binding of regulatory proteins. The role of the regulatory proteins is to influence the rate of transcription. These can be found in a variety of locations.

A

Regulatory sequences

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10
Q

Contains the information that specifies an amino acid sequence.

A

Transcribed region

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11
Q

Steps of Transcription:

A

1.) Initiation
2.) Elongation-RNA polymerase
3.) Termination

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12
Q

This term describes the strand of DNA that the mRNA copy will be made from. Only 1 strand of DNA is used to make RNA which is known as this. RNA synthesized from this, a non-coding strand. Strand varies between genes

A

template or template strand

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13
Q

Direction of transcription. Direction RNA synthesized is….

A

5’ to 3’

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14
Q

makes RNA, that’s transcription. This enzyme makes RNA.

A

RNA polymerase

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15
Q

Reads DNA and uses it to make RNA.

A

Elongation RNA polymerase.

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16
Q

DNA double helix is not a template strand, it is the what? Goes in what direction?

A

The coding strand DNA. 5’ to 3’

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17
Q

The template DNA or complementary DNA sequence goes in what direction?

A

3’ to 5’

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18
Q

Order of Transcription and Translation:

A

1.) coding strand: starting point–5’ to 3’
2.) template strand: opposite of starting point– 3’ to 5’
3.) Start Transcription:
- mRNA: use AUGC – 5’ to 3’
4.) Start Translation:
- tRNA: AUCG opposing from previous one (anti-codons)
- polypeptide: translate tRNA (amino acids)

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19
Q

In eukaryotes, this is the process of making a mature mRNA from pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA to mature mRNA.

A

RNA processing

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20
Q

RNA processing in Eukaryotes include:

A

1.) Splicing
-exons, introns
2.) 5’ cap and 3’ poly A tail

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21
Q

Cut some sequencing out and leave some mRNA in. The process of removing introns from RNA and linking together exons.

A

Splicing

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22
Q

Stay expressed

A

exons

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23
Q

removed

A

introns

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24
Q

Allow mRNA to be recognized and exit nucleus.

A

5’ cap

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25
Q

Stabilize mRNA. This addition during RNA processing stabilizes mRNA.

A

3’ poly A tail

26
Q

This molecule carries DNA’s message out of the nucleus.

A

mRNA

27
Q

When mRNA is translated into a polypeptide. Take mRNA to make a protein. The process of making proteins from mRNA.

A

Translation

28
Q

3 mRNA nucleotides which specify an amino acid. Sequence of 3 mRNA’s that are read together.

A

codon

29
Q

START making protein. AUG (methionine)

A

start codon

30
Q

STOP making protein. Include UAA, UAG, UGA.

A

Stop/Termination/Nonsense Codons

31
Q

Needs it to make amino acids

A

Codon table

32
Q

More than one codon can specify the same amino acid.

A

Degenerate

33
Q

Last part of translation involves this. This part of translation allows binding of this to mRNA codon. Transfer RNA. DNA sequence of gene transcribed into mRNA.

A

tRNA

34
Q

3 RNA nucleotide part of tRNA molecule. The set of 3 tRNA’s that are read together and are complimentary to mRNA.

A

anticodon

35
Q

What brings amino acid to ribosome? This form of RNA has an amino acid attached.

A

tRNA

36
Q

Cloverleaf pattern. Recognizes mRNA codon and has amino acid attached.

A

tRNA

37
Q

charging tRNA, adding amino acid to acceptor stem. Adding amino acid to tRNA “charging.”

A

Aminoacylation

38
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Ribosome

39
Q

Translation that happens in the ribosome is located in…

A

cytosol

40
Q

Composed of rRNA and proteins

A

Ribosome

41
Q

Ribosome shape is determined by what?

A

rRNA

42
Q

make proteins. found in cytoplasm/rough ER. Location of translation.

A

Ribosome

43
Q

Discrete sites for tRNA binding and polypeptide synthesis.

A

Ribosome

44
Q

peptidyl site

A

P site

45
Q

aminoacyl site

A

A site

46
Q

exit site

A

E site

47
Q

Steps of Translation:

A

1.) Initiation
2.) Elongation
3.) Termination

48
Q

mRNA is translated at the ribosome into a polypeptide.

A

Translation

49
Q

mRNA, tRNA, and the ribosomal subunits form a complex.

A

Translation-Initiation

50
Q

The ribosome travels in the 5- to 3’ direction and synthesizes a polypeptide.

A

Translation-Elongation

51
Q

The ribosome reaches a stop codon and all of the components disassemble, releasing a completed polypeptide.

A

Translation-Termination

52
Q

In eukaryotes, 5’ cap recognized. Initiator tRNA binds to start codon (mRNA).

A

Translation-Initiation

53
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA brings a new amino acid to the A site. Binding occurs due to codon/anticodon recognition.

A

Translation-Elongation

54
Q

When a stop codon is found in the A site, translation ends. 3 stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA). Recognized by release factors.

A

Translation-Termination

55
Q

___________is directly produced from the transcription of a eukaryotic gene.
A.) rRNA
B.) pre-mRNA
C.) mRNA
D.) DNA
E.) Protein

A

B.) pre-mRNA

56
Q

Which of the following statements about RNA polymerase in bacteria is INCORRECT?
A.) It binds the promoter region of a gene.
B.) It is bound to a sigma factor during initiation of transcription.
C.) It synthesizes RNA.
D. It catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 5’ end of a growing RNA strand.
E.) It dissociates from the DNA at the terminator.

A

D. It catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 5’ end of a growing RNA strand.

57
Q

Which of the following would occur if a cell’s spliceosomes were mutated so they no longer functioned normally?
A.) Introns would remain in the mature mRNA.
B.) Exons would be missing in the mature mRNA.
C.) Transcription would cease.
D.) A functional protein would still be produced.
E.) RNA processing would remain intact.

A

A.) Introns would remain in the mature mRNA.

58
Q

The relationship between the coding and template DNA strands is complimentary or the same?

A

complimentary

59
Q

The relationship between the template DNA strand and the mRNA sequence is complementary or the same?

A

complimentary

60
Q

The relationship between the coding DNA strand and the mRNA sequence is complementary or same (with U replacing T)?

A

same (with U replacing T)

61
Q

The relationship between mRNA and tRNA is complimentary or the same?

A

complimentary

62
Q

The polypeptide sequence is determined from the codon or anti-codon?

A

codon

BIO-111 (17 decks)

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