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BIO-111 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Compound containing carbon, found in living things.

A

Organic compound

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of Macromolecules/Biological Molecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
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3
Q

Made up of monomers

A

Polymer Poly means many

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4
Q

Building blocks of polymers. Usually referring to same type of “block” that makes up something larger.

A

Monomers mono means one

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5
Q

What are all 7 types of Carbohydrates?

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysacchardies
  • Starch
  • Glucagon
  • Cellulose
  • Chitin
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6
Q

Give you quick energy
Example: glucose is most common, anything ending in “ose”
Simple sugars.

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

Give you quick energy. 2 combines monosaccharides.
Example: maltose, lactose (milk sugar), fructose, sucrose (table sugar)
Formed when dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

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8
Q

For long term energy. Your body has to break it down to give you energy.
For storage and structure. Joining of a lot of monosaccharides. A BIG carbohydrate.

A

Polysaccharides

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9
Q

Storage polysaccharide of plants, consist entirely of glucose monomers (for loner energy)

A

Starch

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10
Q

Storage polysaccharide in animals, longer energy

A

Glycogen

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11
Q

Are hydrophobic. Keep you insulated, protect organs, longer energy storage
Made of glycerol and fatty acids

A

Lipids

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of Lipids?

A

1.) Fats
2.) Phospholipids
3.) Steroids

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13
Q

Not good for you. Do not have double bonds
Example: butter, fat from steak

A

Saturated fatty acids

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14
Q

Better for you. 1 or more double bonds (double bonds cause bending)
Ex—>olive oil

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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15
Q

Structural Polysaccharide. Tough wall of plants; structure

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

Structural Polysaccharides. Found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (animals). Give structure

A

Chitin

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17
Q

Found inside of a cell membrane

A

Phospholipids

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18
Q

Send signals; signaling, molecules. Consists of 4 fused rings.
Ex—> estrogen, cholesterol, testosterone

A

Steroids

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19
Q

Function in defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movements and structural support. Function as enzymes, transport molecules in and out of cells. Structure is very unique and had to be perfect, it cannot function properly.

A

Proteins

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20
Q

Make up proteins, linked by peptide bonds
Ex—> Serine bond to Cysteine to Glutamine and continue on a to bond in a line called a primary structure (refer to notes)

Proteins break down into this.

A

Amino acids

21
Q

Straight bond= covalent bond. Coils fold in the peptide chain.

A

Secondary Structure

22
Q

Determined by interactions among various chains.

A

Tertiary structure

23
Q

Interactions between multiple peptide chains. Think of amino acids all folded up a,omg others or another added chain of amino acids.

A

Quaternary Structure

24
Q

Red blood cells cannot function properly, can cause blood clots, et . Caused by a mistake in protein shape/structure

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

25
Q

3-D structure gets messed up. Protein cannot do its job.
pH and Temperature can cause this.

A

Denaturation

26
Q

Includes DNA and RNA. Made up of monomers called nucleotides.
Store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.

A

Nucleic Acids

27
Q

What are the monomers of Nucleic acids?
Each of these consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar. And one or more phosphate groups

A

Nucleotides

28
Q

What are the monomers of the following? - Carbs? Nucleic acids?Proteins?

A

Carbs: monosaccharides
Nucleic acids: nucleotides
Proteins: amino acids

29
Q

Break down molecules; a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

A

Hydrolysis (breaking with water)

30
Q

How carbs are broken down:

A

Starch (body breaks this down into)—> monosaccharides (too much food= too much monosaccharides so body needs to store and build up —> Glycogen (breaks it down) body needs it again then —>monosaccharides

31
Q

The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers:

A

1.) Dehydration reaction: 2 or more monomers bond, water is lost
2.) Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis—> a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

1.) Dehydration reaction —> synthesis a polymer
2.) Polymers: breaking down a polymer

32
Q

The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers:

A

1.) Dehydration reaction: 2 or more monomers bond, water is lost
2.) Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis—> a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

1.) Dehydration reaction —> synthesis a polymer
2.) Polymers: breaking down a polymer

33
Q

Function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

A

Enzymatic Proteins

34
Q

Function: movement
Example: Motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella
Action and myosin proteins are responsible for the contraction of muscles

A

Contractile and motor proteins

35
Q

Are unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

A

Polypeptides

36
Q

A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides.

A

Protein

37
Q

Which of the following is not considered a biological molecule?
A.) Nucleic Acids
B.) Carbohydrates
C.) Proteins
D.) Vitamins
E.) Lipids

A

D.) Vitamins

38
Q

___________ are polymers containing up to 20 different kinds of naturally occurring amino acids.
A.) Lipids
B.) Proteins
C.) Carbohydrates
D.) Nucleic Acids

A

B. Proteins

39
Q

Examples include bread, pasta, fruit, vegetables. Monomer: monosaccharide. Example: glucose

A

Carbohydrate

40
Q

What atoms are involved in each of the Major Biomolecules? (CHONP)

A

Carbs–> CHO
Lipids–> CHO
Proteins–> CHON
Nucleic Acids–> CHONP

41
Q

What is used in cellular respiration to make ATP, an energy currency and makes carbs a fast energy source of energy for cells.

During cellular respiration, energy releases from glucose, and that energy makes adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
–> Plants synthesize glucose using carbon dioxide and water, and glucose in turn provides energy requirements for the plant.
–> Humans and other animals that feed on plants often obtain glucose form catabolized (cell breakdown of larger molecules) starch.

A

Glucose

42
Q

How are carbs important o an organism and the structure and function of its cells?
- Plants have cell walls of carbs, specifically a large one called what?
- Fungi have cell walls of carbs, known as what? (also makes exoskeleton of insects)

A

1.) cellulose
2.) chitin

43
Q

Let certain substances pass through

A

protein channels

44
Q

can build up or break down substances in metabolic processes.

A

enzymes

45
Q

Monomers release water as byproducts. Means “to put together while losing water.”
Hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a water molecule. At the same time, the monomers share electrons and form covalent bonds. As additional monomers join, this chain of repeating monomers forms a polymer.
Example–> 2 glucose molecules link to form the disaccharide maltose, In the process, it forms a water molecule.

Involve formation of new bonds, requiring energy

A

Dehydration reaction or dehydration synthesis

46
Q

Polymers break down into monomers. A chemical reaction occurs when inserting a water molecule across the bond. Breaking a covalent bond with this water molecule in the compound achieves this. During these reactions, the polymer breaks down into 2 components: 1.) one part gains a hydrogen atom (H+)
and the other 2.) Gains a hydroxyl molecule (OH-) from a spit water molecule

Break bonds and release energy.
Break down big things into small things.

A

Hydrolysis

47
Q

What is this an example of: C6H12O6

A

Glucose C6–> has a carb
H12O6–> has a hydrate = carbohydrate

48
Q

Nucleotides (monomer) –> Nucleic Acids (polymer)

A

Dehydration reaction

BIO-111 (17 decks)

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