Chapter 3 Flashcards
Compound containing carbon, found in living things.
Organic compound
What are the 4 types of Macromolecules/Biological Molecules?
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
Made up of monomers
Polymer Poly means many
Building blocks of polymers. Usually referring to same type of “block” that makes up something larger.
Monomers mono means one
What are all 7 types of Carbohydrates?
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysacchardies
- Starch
- Glucagon
- Cellulose
- Chitin
Give you quick energy
Example: glucose is most common, anything ending in “ose”
Simple sugars.
Monosaccharides
Give you quick energy. 2 combines monosaccharides.
Example: maltose, lactose (milk sugar), fructose, sucrose (table sugar)
Formed when dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharides
Disaccharides
For long term energy. Your body has to break it down to give you energy.
For storage and structure. Joining of a lot of monosaccharides. A BIG carbohydrate.
Polysaccharides
Storage polysaccharide of plants, consist entirely of glucose monomers (for loner energy)
Starch
Storage polysaccharide in animals, longer energy
Glycogen
Are hydrophobic. Keep you insulated, protect organs, longer energy storage
Made of glycerol and fatty acids
Lipids
What are the 3 types of Lipids?
1.) Fats
2.) Phospholipids
3.) Steroids
Not good for you. Do not have double bonds
Example: butter, fat from steak
Saturated fatty acids
Better for you. 1 or more double bonds (double bonds cause bending)
Ex—>olive oil
Unsaturated fatty acids
Structural Polysaccharide. Tough wall of plants; structure
Cellulose
Structural Polysaccharides. Found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (animals). Give structure
Chitin
Found inside of a cell membrane
Phospholipids
Send signals; signaling, molecules. Consists of 4 fused rings.
Ex—> estrogen, cholesterol, testosterone
Steroids
Function in defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movements and structural support. Function as enzymes, transport molecules in and out of cells. Structure is very unique and had to be perfect, it cannot function properly.
Proteins
Make up proteins, linked by peptide bonds
Ex—> Serine bond to Cysteine to Glutamine and continue on a to bond in a line called a primary structure (refer to notes)
Proteins break down into this.
Amino acids
Straight bond= covalent bond. Coils fold in the peptide chain.
Secondary Structure
Determined by interactions among various chains.
Tertiary structure
Interactions between multiple peptide chains. Think of amino acids all folded up a,omg others or another added chain of amino acids.
Quaternary Structure
Red blood cells cannot function properly, can cause blood clots, et . Caused by a mistake in protein shape/structure
Sickle Cell Anemia
3-D structure gets messed up. Protein cannot do its job.
pH and Temperature can cause this.
Denaturation
Includes DNA and RNA. Made up of monomers called nucleotides.
Store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.
Nucleic Acids
What are the monomers of Nucleic acids?
Each of these consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar. And one or more phosphate groups
Nucleotides
What are the monomers of the following? - Carbs? Nucleic acids?Proteins?
Carbs: monosaccharides
Nucleic acids: nucleotides
Proteins: amino acids
Break down molecules; a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction
Hydrolysis (breaking with water)
How carbs are broken down:
Starch (body breaks this down into)—> monosaccharides (too much food= too much monosaccharides so body needs to store and build up —> Glycogen (breaks it down) body needs it again then —>monosaccharides
The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers:
1.) Dehydration reaction: 2 or more monomers bond, water is lost
2.) Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis—> a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction
1.) Dehydration reaction —> synthesis a polymer
2.) Polymers: breaking down a polymer
The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers:
1.) Dehydration reaction: 2 or more monomers bond, water is lost
2.) Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis—> a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction
1.) Dehydration reaction —> synthesis a polymer
2.) Polymers: breaking down a polymer
Function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules
Enzymatic Proteins
Function: movement
Example: Motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella
Action and myosin proteins are responsible for the contraction of muscles
Contractile and motor proteins
Are unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
Polypeptides
A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides.
Protein
Which of the following is not considered a biological molecule?
A.) Nucleic Acids
B.) Carbohydrates
C.) Proteins
D.) Vitamins
E.) Lipids
D.) Vitamins
___________ are polymers containing up to 20 different kinds of naturally occurring amino acids.
A.) Lipids
B.) Proteins
C.) Carbohydrates
D.) Nucleic Acids
B. Proteins
Examples include bread, pasta, fruit, vegetables. Monomer: monosaccharide. Example: glucose
Carbohydrate
What atoms are involved in each of the Major Biomolecules? (CHONP)
Carbs–> CHO
Lipids–> CHO
Proteins–> CHON
Nucleic Acids–> CHONP
What is used in cellular respiration to make ATP, an energy currency and makes carbs a fast energy source of energy for cells.
During cellular respiration, energy releases from glucose, and that energy makes adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
–> Plants synthesize glucose using carbon dioxide and water, and glucose in turn provides energy requirements for the plant.
–> Humans and other animals that feed on plants often obtain glucose form catabolized (cell breakdown of larger molecules) starch.
Glucose
How are carbs important o an organism and the structure and function of its cells?
- Plants have cell walls of carbs, specifically a large one called what?
- Fungi have cell walls of carbs, known as what? (also makes exoskeleton of insects)
1.) cellulose
2.) chitin
Let certain substances pass through
protein channels
can build up or break down substances in metabolic processes.
enzymes
Monomers release water as byproducts. Means “to put together while losing water.”
Hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a water molecule. At the same time, the monomers share electrons and form covalent bonds. As additional monomers join, this chain of repeating monomers forms a polymer.
Example–> 2 glucose molecules link to form the disaccharide maltose, In the process, it forms a water molecule.
Involve formation of new bonds, requiring energy
Dehydration reaction or dehydration synthesis
Polymers break down into monomers. A chemical reaction occurs when inserting a water molecule across the bond. Breaking a covalent bond with this water molecule in the compound achieves this. During these reactions, the polymer breaks down into 2 components: 1.) one part gains a hydrogen atom (H+)
and the other 2.) Gains a hydroxyl molecule (OH-) from a spit water molecule
Break bonds and release energy.
Break down big things into small things.
Hydrolysis
What is this an example of: C6H12O6
Glucose C6–> has a carb
H12O6–> has a hydrate = carbohydrate
Nucleotides (monomer) –> Nucleic Acids (polymer)
Dehydration reaction
