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BIO-111 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Polymer made up of monomers. A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms.

A

DNA

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2
Q

Monomer of nucleic acids. DNA and RNA are made up of this.

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

Nucleic Acid Structure Include:

A

1.) Nucleotides
2.) Strand
3.) Double Helix- wrapped around proteins to form chromosome
4.) Chromosome
5.) Genome

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4
Q

Building blocks of DNA/RNA.

A

Nucleotide

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5
Q

What bases is included of nucleotides?

A

sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

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6
Q

What are the strands that make up nucleotides?

A

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil

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7
Q

What are differences between DNA nucleotide and RNA nucleotide?

A

DNA nucleotide:
sugar– deoxyribose
base–ATCG
double stranded

RNA nucleotide:
sugar–ribose
base– AUCG
single stranded

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8
Q

Covalently bonded. Composed of covalently linked nucleotides–phosphodiester linkage. Directionality 5’ to 3’

A

Nucleic Acid Structure –Strand

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9
Q

Orientations are opposite of one another

A

Antiparallel
5’–>3’
3’<–5’

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10
Q

Sugar phosphate backbone. Hydrogen bonding between bases (ATCG).Two strands are complimentary, antiparallel

A

Nucleic Acid Structure–Double Helix

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11
Q

Complimentary Strands are?

A

A–T
C–G

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12
Q

She developed the method of X-ray diffraction of wet DNA fibers. X rays diffracted by DNA onto photographic plate. Pattern represents the atomic array in wet fibers.

A

Rosalind Franklin

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13
Q

Discovered Content in the DNA rom a Variety of Organisms. Observed that the nucleotide composition of DNA varies between species, but not between individuals of the same species. Was the first to accurately measure the amounts of nucleotides in DNA.

A

Edwin Chargaff

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14
Q

Who discovered double helix of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick. Proposed structure of DNA in 1953.

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15
Q

DNA wrapped around proteins and all crammed together

A

Nucleic Acid Structure–Chromosome

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16
Q

All genetic information

A

Nucleic Acid Structure– Genome

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17
Q

How DNA replicates/make copies of itself:

A

-Semi-conservative
- origin of replication
- replication forks

18
Q

Original DNA strands (parents) used as templates to make new DNA strands or the original double helix is used as templates to make new DNA strands.

A

Semi-conservative

19
Q

Where DNA replication starts. This site within a chromosome is where replication begins.

A

origin of replication

20
Q

What has a lot of origins of replication?

A

Eukaryotes

21
Q

Leading and lagging (Ozaki fragments) strands. Inside of origin of replication. Where replication forks

A

Replication forks

22
Q

DNA must be made in the what direction?

A

The 5’ to 3’ directions

23
Q

Proteins involved in replication preparation: ALL SEPARATE DOUBLE HELIX

A
  • DNA helicase
  • DNA topoisomerase
  • Single strand binding proteins
24
Q

Separate strands. Separates original double helix. Breaks hydrogen bonds.(unzipping a gene). This enzyme separates the double strand of DNA so replication can begin.

A

DNA helicase

25
Q

Alleviates coiling. Keeps it from getting tangled. This enzyme alleviates supercoiling during replication.

A

DNA topoisomerase

26
Q

Keeps strands part. Keep double strands separated. These proteins keep DNA separate so replication can occur.

A

Single strand binding proteins

27
Q

Proteins involved in replication:

A
  • DNA primase
  • DNA polymerase
  • DNA ligase
28
Q

Adds short sequence of RNA. Tells it where to start copying. This enzyme adds a short segment of RNA so replication can begin.

A

DNA primase

29
Q

Adds nucleotides, removes RNA primers, fills gaps. Makes new DNA; proof reads itself. Able to covalently link nucleotides together from a primer. Can only link nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction. This enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides together to form DNA strands.

A

DNA polymerase

30
Q

Work only on lagging strand because its only (Okazaki fragments). Attaches adjacent Okazaki fragments. This enzyme links together Okazaki fragments.

A

DNA ligase

31
Q

Hydrogen bonding between A and T or G and C more stable than mismatches. Active site of DNA polymerase unlikely to form bonds if pairs mismatched. DNA polymerase removes mismatched pairs. Proofreading results in DNA polymerase backing up and digesting linkages. Other DNA repair enzymes.

A

DNA replication is very accurate

32
Q

Composed of chromatin. DNA protein complex.
2 parts:
DNA wrapping and 30 nm fiber

A

Chromosomes

33
Q

DNA wrapped around histones to form nucleosome. Shortens length of DNA molecule 7-fold. Needs to be wrapped to fit and be small enough (for cells/nucleus)

A

DNA wrapping–Chromosomes

34
Q

Shortens length another 7-fold

A

30 nm fiber

35
Q

Which of the following is FALSE when comparing RNA and DNA?
A.) Both are produced by phosphodiester linkages.
B.) Both are composed of phosphate groups.
C.) Both are composed of sugars.
D.) Both are composed of identical nucleotides.
E.) Both are composed of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

A

D.) Both are composed of identical nucleotides.

36
Q

What is the complement DNA strand to 5’- ATTCGGTGA–3’?
A.) 5’–TAAGCCACT–3’
B.) 3’–CGGATTGTC–5’
C.) 5’–CGGATTGTC–3’
D.) 3’–TAAGCCACT–5’
E.) 3’–ATTCGGTGA–5’

A

D.) 3’–TAAGCCACT–5’

37
Q

Produces short sequences of RNA, which allows polymerase to synthesize a new strand of DNA.
A.) DNA primase
B.) DNA helicase
C.) DNA polymerase
D.) DNA topoisomerase
E.) DNA ligase

A

A.) DNA primase

38
Q

The process of making new DNA from preexisting DNA.

A

replication

39
Q

This newly synthesized strand of DNA is made in one continuous motion.

A

leading

40
Q

Chromosomes consist of DNA wrapped around these proteins.

A

Histone

41
Q

This newly replicated lagging strand of DNA is made is these short fragments.

A

Okazaki fragments

BIO-111 (17 decks)

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