Chapter 58 Fetal Face and Neck Flashcards
Congenital anomalies of the face affect 1 in ____ births.
600
The nasal pits are formed as the surface ______ thickens into the nasal _____ on each side of the frontal nasal prominence; as these plaecodes invaginate, the nasal pits are formed.
ectoderm, placodes
Off-axis, or nonmidline, encephaloceles have also been reported with _________.
amniotic band syndrome
premature closure of any or all six of the cranial sutures
craniosynostosis
Unusually misshapen skull with a clover-leaf appearance in the anterior view
Kleeblattschadal
Clover leaf skull has been associated with numerous skeletal dysplasias (most notably, _________) and ________
thanatophoric dysplasia , ventricomegaly
Premature closure of the metopic suture may cause the forehead to have an elongated tall appearance in the sagittal plane and appear triangular shaped in the axial plane.
trigonocephaly
obsurved in a fetus with a lemon-shaped skull (from spina bifida) or with skeletal dysplasias.
frontal bossing
with depressed or absent nasal bridge, is underdevelopment of the middle structures of the face.
Midface hypoplasia or maxillary hypoplasisa
median cleft face syndrome consisting of a range of midline facial defects involving the eyes, forehead, and nose.
Frontal dysplasia
Frontal dysplasia abnormalities include…
ocular hypertelorism, a variable bifid nose, a broad nasal bridge, a midline defect of the frontal bone, and extension of the frontal hairline to form a widow’s peak.
The optimal gest age for measurements of fetal NT is _____ weeks of gest.
11weeks-13 weeks 6 days
Fetal crown-rump should be within the range of ______ mm
45-84
A NT measurement greater than ____ mm is abnormal
3
enlarged tongue
macroglassia
Congenital overgrowth of tissues
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome commonly co-exists with …
omphalocele, macroglossia and vescoromegaly, and organomegaly
small chin
micrognathia
Micrognathia is associated with many conditions that can be subdivided into three groups of anomalies:
- Chromosome anomalies (trisomy 18 and triploidy)
- skeletal dysplasias
- Primary mandibular disorders (Pierre Robin syndrome and Trecher Collins syndrome)
Ear malformation may be observed in _________
Goldenbar’s syndrome
absent eyes
anophalmia
small ears
Robert’s syndrome
inadequate development of the ear
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Periorbital masses…..
lacimal duct cysts (dacryocystoceles), dermoids, and hemangiomas.
abnormal protrusion of the eye
exophthalmia
Hypotelerism is associated with several syndromes and other anomalies, including ________, microcephaly, craniosynostoses, and __________.
holoprosencephaly, phenylketonuria (PKU)
_________ is found im fetuses exposed to phenytomin (Dilantin)
hypertelorism
Evaluation of the nasal triad should assess…
- nostril symmetry -nasal septum integrity, and -continuity of the upper lip, to exclude cleft lip and palate.
1 per ____ births in Native Americans are affected by cleft palate.
250
Cleft palate occurs when the _________ fail to fuse at the midline.
lateral palatine processes
Teratoma located in the oropharynx. These masses may be highly complex and contain solid, cystic, or calcified components.
epignathus
Results from the malformation of the lymphatic system that leads to single or multilocuated lymph-filled cavities around the neck.
cystic hygroma
The differential considerations for cystic hygromas include….
meningomyelocele, encephalocele, nuchal edema, brachial cleft cyst, cystic teratoma, hernagioma, and thyoglossal duct cyst.
Neck teratomas are usually _______ and located _______. May have complex sonographic patterns
unilateral, anteriorly
