Chapter 58 Fetal Face and Neck

Question 1

Congenital anomalies of the face affect 1 in ____ births.

Answer 1

600

Question 2

The nasal pits are formed as the surface ______ thickens into the nasal _____ on each side of the frontal nasal prominence; as these plaecodes invaginate, the nasal pits are formed.

Answer 2

ectoderm, placodes

Question 3

Off-axis, or nonmidline, encephaloceles have also been reported with _________.

Answer 3

amniotic band syndrome

Question 4

premature closure of any or all six of the cranial sutures

Answer 4

craniosynostosis

Question 5

Unusually misshapen skull with a clover-leaf appearance in the anterior view

Answer 5

Kleeblattschadal

Question 6

Clover leaf skull has been associated with numerous skeletal dysplasias (most notably, _________) and ________

Answer 6

thanatophoric dysplasia , ventricomegaly

Question 7

Premature closure of the metopic suture may cause the forehead to have an elongated tall appearance in the sagittal plane and appear triangular shaped in the axial plane.

Answer 7

trigonocephaly

Question 8

obsurved in a fetus with a lemon-shaped skull (from spina bifida) or with skeletal dysplasias.

Answer 8

frontal bossing

Question 9

with depressed or absent nasal bridge, is underdevelopment of the middle structures of the face.

Answer 9

Midface hypoplasia or maxillary hypoplasisa

Question 10

median cleft face syndrome consisting of a range of midline facial defects involving the eyes, forehead, and nose.

Answer 10

Frontal dysplasia

Question 11

Frontal dysplasia abnormalities include…

Answer 11

ocular hypertelorism, a variable bifid nose, a broad nasal bridge, a midline defect of the frontal bone, and extension of the frontal hairline to form a widow’s peak.

Question 12

The optimal gest age for measurements of fetal NT is _____ weeks of gest.

Answer 12

11weeks-13 weeks 6 days

Question 13

Fetal crown-rump should be within the range of ______ mm

Answer 13

45-84

Question 14

A NT measurement greater than ____ mm is abnormal

Answer 14

3

Question 15

enlarged tongue

Answer 15

macroglassia

Question 16

Congenital overgrowth of tissues

Answer 16

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

Question 17

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome commonly co-exists with …

Answer 17

omphalocele, macroglossia and vescoromegaly, and organomegaly

Question 18

small chin

Answer 18

micrognathia

Question 19

Micrognathia is associated with many conditions that can be subdivided into three groups of anomalies:

Answer 19

• Chromosome anomalies (trisomy 18 and triploidy)
• skeletal dysplasias
• Primary mandibular disorders (Pierre Robin syndrome and Trecher Collins syndrome)

Question 20

Ear malformation may be observed in _________

Answer 20

Goldenbar’s syndrome

Question 21

absent eyes

Answer 21

anophalmia

Question 22

small ears

Answer 22

Robert’s syndrome

Question 23

inadequate development of the ear

Answer 23

Treacher Collins Syndrome

Question 24

Periorbital masses…..

Answer 24

lacimal duct cysts (dacryocystoceles), dermoids, and hemangiomas.

Question 25

abnormal protrusion of the eye

Answer 25

exophthalmia

Question 26

Hypotelerism is associated with several syndromes and other anomalies, including ________, microcephaly, craniosynostoses, and __________.

Answer 26

holoprosencephaly, phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 27

_________ is found im fetuses exposed to phenytomin (Dilantin)

Answer 27

hypertelorism

Question 28

Evaluation of the nasal triad should assess...

Answer 28

- nostril symmetry -nasal septum integrity, and -continuity of the upper lip, to exclude cleft lip and palate.

Question 29

1 per ____ births in Native Americans are affected by cleft palate.

Answer 29

250

Question 30

Cleft palate occurs when the _________ fail to fuse at the midline.

Answer 30

lateral palatine processes

Question 31

Teratoma located in the oropharynx. These masses may be highly complex and contain solid, cystic, or calcified components.

Answer 31

epignathus

Question 32

Results from the malformation of the lymphatic system that leads to single or multilocuated lymph-filled cavities around the neck.

Answer 32

cystic hygroma

Question 33

The differential considerations for cystic hygromas include....

Answer 33

meningomyelocele, encephalocele, nuchal edema, brachial cleft cyst, cystic teratoma, hernagioma, and thyoglossal duct cyst.

Question 34

Neck teratomas are usually _______ and located _______. May have complex sonographic patterns

Answer 34

unilateral, anteriorly