Chapter 16 Retroperitoneum Fill in the Blank

Question 1

The retroperitoneal space is the area between the posterior portion of the ______ and the ______ abdominal wall muscles.

Answer 1

parietal, posterior

Question 2

The retroperitoneal space is subdivided into three spaces: the _______ space, the _______ space, and the _________ space.

Answer 2

anterior pararenal, perirenal, posterior pararenal

Question 3

The _____ space surrounds the kidney, adrenal, and perirenal fat.

Answer 3

perirenal

Question 4

The ________ space includes the duodenum, pancreas, and ascending and transverse colon.

Answer 4

anterior pararenal

Question 5

The ________ space includes the iliopsoas muscle, ureter, and branches of the the inferior vena cava and their lymphatics.

Answer 5

posterior pararenal

Question 6

The right adrenal is more _____ to the kidney, whereas the left adrenal is more _____ to the kidney.

Answer 6

superior, medial

Question 7

The right renal artery crosses ______ to the crus and _____ to the inferior vena cava at the level of the right kidney.

Answer 7

anterior, posterior

Question 8

The _____ muscle, the fascia of which merges with the posterior transversalis fascia, makes up the medial border of this posterior space.

Answer 8

psoas

Question 9

The male sex hormones are _______ , and the female sex hormones are ________.

Answer 9

androgens, estrogen

Question 10

Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex in humans is called ______ disease.

Answer 10

Addison’s

Question 11

The steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex fall into the following three main categories: _______, _________, and _______.

Answer 11

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones.

Question 12

________ regulate electrolyte metabolism.

Answer 12

mineralcorticoids

Question 13

The principle mineralocorticoids is _______.

Answer 13

aldostrone

Question 14

_________ play a principal role in carbohydrate metabolism.

Answer 14

glucocorticoids

Question 15

The primary glucocorticoids are _______ and _______.

Answer 15

cortisone, hydrocortisone

Question 16

Adrenal tumors in women can promote secondary _____ characteristics.

Answer 16

masculine

Question 17

The adrenal cortex is controlled by _________ hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary.

Answer 17

adrenocorticotropic

Question 18

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amines, sometimes referred to as ________ , that elevate the blood pressure.

Answer 18

catecholamines

Question 19

Because the _____ ligament attachments, collections in the right posterior subphrenic space cannot extend between the bare area of the liver and the diaphragm.

Answer 19

coronary

Question 20

The pleural fluid tends to distribute _______ in the chest.

Answer 20

posteromedially

Question 21

Subcapular liver and splenic collections are seen when they are _____ to the diaphragm unilaterally and conform to the shape of an organ capsule.

Answer 21

inferior

Question 22

A mass is confirmed to be within the retroperitoneal cavity when anterior renal displacement or anterior displacement of the dilated _______ can be documented.

Answer 22

ureters

Question 23

The mass interposted ______or superiorly to the kidneys can be located either inraperitoneally or retroperitoneally.

Answer 23

anteriorly

Question 24

Fatty and collagenous connective tissue in the perirenal or anterior pararenal space produce echos that are best demonstrated on _______ scans.

Answer 24

sagittal

Question 25

Retroperitoneal lesions displace echos _______ and cranially.

Answer 25

ventrally

Question 26

Hepatic and subhepatic lesions produce _______ and posterior displacement.

Answer 26

inferior

Question 27

A large, right-sided retroperitoneal mass rotates the intrahepatic portal veins to the ______.

Answer 27

left.

Question 28

The peritoneal cavity is made up of multiple peritoneal ligaments and folds that connect the _____ to each other and to the abdominopelvic _____.

Answer 28

viscera, wall

Question 29

Within the cavity are found the lesser and greater _______, the _______, and multiple fluid spaces (lesser sac, perihepatic and subphrenic spaces).

Answer 29

Omentum, mesenteries

Question 30

The _______ is a smooth membrane that lines the entire abdominal cavity and is reflected over the contained organs.

Answer 30

peritoneum

Question 31

The part that lines the walls of the cavity is the _____ peritoneum, whereas the part covering the abdominal organs to a greater or lesser extent is the ______ peritoneum.

Answer 31

parietal, visceral

Question 32

The general peritoneal cavity is known as the ______ sac of the peritoneum.

Answer 32

greater

Question 33

With the development of the stomach and the spleen, a smaller sac, called the _____ sac (omental bursa), is the peritoneal recess posterior to the stomach.

Answer 33

lesser

Question 34

This sac communicates with the greater sac through a small vertical opening known as the ______ foramen.

Answer 34

epiploic

Question 35

When the patient is lying supine, the lowest part of the body is the _____.

Answer 35

pelvis

Question 36

A double layer of peritoneum extending from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach is known as the _____ omentum.

Answer 36

lesser

Question 37

The _____ omentum is an apron-like fold of peritoneum that hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach.

Answer 37

greater

Question 38

Ligaments on the right side of the liver form the ______ and ______ spaces.

Answer 38

subphrenic, subhepatic

Question 39

The subphrenic space is divided into right and left components by the ______ ligaments.

Answer 39

falciform

Question 40

The _______ hepatis ascends from the umbilicus to the umbilical notch of the liver within the free margin of the falciform ligament before coursing within the liver.

Answer 40

ligamentum teres

Question 41

The paired _____ abdominis muscles are delineated medially in the midline of the body by the linea alba.

Answer 41

rectus