Ch 22 Thyroid- Fill in the Blank

Question 1

The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the _______ arteries and _______ veins.

Answer 1

carotid, jugular

Question 2

Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the _____ muscles, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Answer 2

strap

Question 3

The parathyroid glands are normally located on the _______ surface of the thyroid gland.

Answer 3

posterior medial

Question 4

The parathyroid glands are the ________ organs in the body.

Answer 4

calcium-sensing

Question 5

The parathyroid glands produce _________ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism.

Answer 5

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

When the serum calcium levels _______, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.

Answer 6

decreases

Question 7

PTH acts on ______, _______, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption.

Answer 7

bone, kidney

Question 8

Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by ________, hypercalciuria, and low serum levels of phosphate.

Answer 8

hypercalcemia

Question 9

Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by a(n) ________, primary hyperplasia, or, rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.

Answer 9

adenoma

Question 10

A chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malabsorption syndrome is ________ hyperparathyrodism.

Answer 10

secondary

Question 11

The thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system that maintains body _________, __________, and _______ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.

Answer 11

metabolism, growth, development

Question 12

These hormones include triiodothyronine (_____), thyroxine (____), and ________.

Answer 12

T3, T4, calcitonin

Question 13

The mechanism for producing thyroid hormones _______ metabolism.

Answer 13

iodine

Question 14

When the body needs thyroid hormone, it is released into the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (______), which is produced by the pituitary gland.

Answer 14

TSH

Question 15

The secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing factor, which is produced by the ________.

Answer 15

hyopthalamus

Question 16

The concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by _________, which first acts on the bone to inhibit its breakdown.

Answer 16

calcitonin

Question 17

Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either ________, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone, or a problem in the pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production.

Answer 17

hypothyroidism

Question 18

The metabolic rate is dramatically increased _________, clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degree nervous energy, tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, and palpations, and many patients show signs of exothalmos (protruding eyes).

Answer 18

hyperthyrodism

Question 19

How the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by __________.

Answer 19

nuclear medicine

Question 20

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a(n) ________, which is often visible on the anterior neck.

Answer 20

goiter

Question 21

One of the most common forms of thyroid disease is ___________.

Answer 21

multinodular goiter

Question 22

_________ is characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exothalmos (inflammatory infiltration of the orbital tissue resulting in proptosis, or bulging of the eyes), and cutaneous manifestations (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet).

Answer 22

Grave’s disease

Question 23

A benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation is a(n) ________.

Answer 23

adenoma

Question 24

The most common of the thyroid malignancies is _________ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children.

Answer 24

papillary cancer

Question 25

The normal thyroid gland has fine __________ echotexture that is more echogenic than the surrounding muscle structure.

Answer 25

homogeneous

Question 26

A normal lymph node is oval in shape with a(n) __________ texture with a central core echo complex.

Answer 26

homogeneous

Question 27

The ________ muscle is posterior an lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae.

Answer 27

longus colli