Chapter 54: Community Ecology Flashcards
Community
All the species at a particular locality
Interspecific Interactions
any interaction with an individual of another species within a community
What are the 4 types of interactions between species
- Competition 2. Predation 3. Harbavory 4. Symbiosis
The interaction between species for the same limited resource
interspecific competition
what are the two types of interspecific competition?
- interference: physical interaction (ex. fighting)
2. exploitative: both consume the resources
If there are two species competing for limited resources, the species that uses the resources more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally. What is the vocabulary word for this concept?
Principle of competitive exclusion
when a niche is subdivided to avoid direct competition between species. what is the vocabulary word for this concert?
Resource partitioning
What is an example of resource partitioning?
Anil lizards that subdivide their habitat, and also gardener snakes with in Colorado
What is the term for the total area in organism occupies and all the resources that uses with in that environment?
It’s niche
What is a fundamental niche and what is a realized niche?
A fundamental niche is the entire niece that a species is capable of using, and a realized niche is the actual niche being occupied by the organism
Does a fundamental niche or a realized niche take into account all biotic and abiotic interactions?
A realized niche
what is the term for The differences in morphology and resource use evident between sympatric species that are thought to have been favored by natural selection through resource partitioning
character displacement
Symbiosis
2 or more kinds of organisms closely interact
what is the term for consuming of one organism by another?
Predation
What is the term for evolution of adaptations of two different species in response to another ones evolution? What it is and example?
Call evolution, the Giselle in the cheetah
What are the two classes of prey defense? what is the difference between them?
Constitutive and induced
Construed to to pray defense is a fixed feature on an organism, for example a shell
Induced pray defense only occurs in the presence by or action of a predator. Example, Inc. skunk butterfly
Chemical Defenses, example
bitter, distasteful, or toxic chem used to deter predators (skunk)
Cryptic Coloration, example
coloration allows them to blend into surroundings (camouflage)
Aposematic Coloration, example
bright colors warn predators that the prey is toxic (poison dart frogs)
Object Resemblance, example
an organism resembles an object in the environment to avoid detection from predators (bird poop moth)
Flash Coloration, example
hidden markings that are quickly exposed to startle or divert the attention (sage grouse)
What are the two types of mimicry?
Batesian: non-toxic animals mimic toxic animals (snake caterpillar)
Mullerian: two or more unpalatable or toxic organisms resemble one another leading to group defense (bees0
Herbavory
an animals eats part of a plant or algae
Symbiosis
2 or more kinds of organisms closely interact
What are the 3 types of symbiosis?
- parasitism 2. commensalism 3. mutualism
Parasitism
one species benefits and the other one is harmed
ectoparasitism, example
external parasite (parasite plant)
endoparasite, example
internal parasite (tape worm)
direct transmission, example
parasite moves from one host to the other
indirect transmission, example
parasite needs an intermediate vector to be transmitted to the host
commensalism, example
one species benefits and the other is neutral, epiphites
mutualism
both species benefit, clown fish and enenome
Species Diversity
the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the environment
Species Richness
species in a community
Relative Abundance
the proportion each species represents of all the individuals in the community
trophic structure
feeding relationships between organisms in the community
as you move up the food chain energy is lost or gained?
lost due to heat
What is the energetic hypothesis?
the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain
What are dominant species ?
the species that are the most abundant or collectively have the highest biomass
What are keystone species
organisms whose effect on the community is greater than expected based on its abundance (example, grey wolves)
What is the bottom-up model?
lower trophic levels (primary producers) control the population of the higher trophic level (top-predator)
Top down control?
the higher trophic level affects the lower trophic level. (grey wolves)
What is bio-manipulation?
uses top down model to alter polluted environments
What is ecological succession
slow, orderly change from simple to complex that occurs among communities
What is primary ecological succession?
bare, lifeless substrate (volcanic island)
What is secondary ecological succession?
existing community has been disturbed
What are the three dynamic concepts in the process of succession?
Tolerance, Faciliation, and Inhibition
Tolerance
early successional stages characterized by weedy, r-selected species that are tolerant of harsh a-biotic conditions?
Faciliation
the weedy species introduce local change (N conversion) that allow less weedy species to survive
Inhibition
changing environment (nutrient and pH changes) favor new species that out compete the original species
What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?
communities that experience moderate amounts of disturbance will have higher species richness when compared to little or great amounts of disturbance
