Chapter 54: Community Ecology

Question 1

Community

Answer 1

All the species at a particular locality

Question 2

Interspecific Interactions

Answer 2

any interaction with an individual of another species within a community

Question 3

What are the 4 types of interactions between species

Answer 3

1. Competition 2. Predation 3. Harbavory 4. Symbiosis

Question 4

The interaction between species for the same limited resource

Answer 4

interspecific competition

Question 5

what are the two types of interspecific competition?

Answer 5

1. interference: physical interaction (ex. fighting)

2. exploitative: both consume the resources

Question 6

If there are two species competing for limited resources, the species that uses the resources more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally. What is the vocabulary word for this concept?

Answer 6

Principle of competitive exclusion

Question 7

when a niche is subdivided to avoid direct competition between species. what is the vocabulary word for this concert?

Answer 7

Resource partitioning

Question 8

What is an example of resource partitioning?

Answer 8

Anil lizards that subdivide their habitat, and also gardener snakes with in Colorado

Question 9

What is the term for the total area in organism occupies and all the resources that uses with in that environment?

Answer 9

It’s niche

Question 10

What is a fundamental niche and what is a realized niche?

Answer 10

A fundamental niche is the entire niece that a species is capable of using, and a realized niche is the actual niche being occupied by the organism

Question 11

Does a fundamental niche or a realized niche take into account all biotic and abiotic interactions?

Answer 11

A realized niche

Question 12

what is the term for The differences in morphology and resource use evident between sympatric species that are thought to have been favored by natural selection through resource partitioning

Answer 12

character displacement

Question 13

Symbiosis

Answer 13

2 or more kinds of organisms closely interact

Question 14

what is the term for consuming of one organism by another?

Answer 14

Predation

Question 15

What is the term for evolution of adaptations of two different species in response to another ones evolution? What it is and example?

Answer 15

Call evolution, the Giselle in the cheetah

Question 16

What are the two classes of prey defense? what is the difference between them?

Answer 16

Constitutive and induced
Construed to to pray defense is a fixed feature on an organism, for example a shell
Induced pray defense only occurs in the presence by or action of a predator. Example, Inc. skunk butterfly

Question 17

Chemical Defenses, example

Answer 17

bitter, distasteful, or toxic chem used to deter predators (skunk)

Question 18

Cryptic Coloration, example

Answer 18

coloration allows them to blend into surroundings (camouflage)

Question 19

Aposematic Coloration, example

Answer 19

bright colors warn predators that the prey is toxic (poison dart frogs)

Question 20

Object Resemblance, example

Answer 20

an organism resembles an object in the environment to avoid detection from predators (bird poop moth)

Question 21

Flash Coloration, example

Answer 21

hidden markings that are quickly exposed to startle or divert the attention (sage grouse)

Question 22

What are the two types of mimicry?

Answer 22

Batesian: non-toxic animals mimic toxic animals (snake caterpillar)
Mullerian: two or more unpalatable or toxic organisms resemble one another leading to group defense (bees0

Question 23

Herbavory

Answer 23

an animals eats part of a plant or algae

Question 24

Symbiosis

Answer 24

2 or more kinds of organisms closely interact

Question 25

What are the 3 types of symbiosis?

Answer 25

1. parasitism 2. commensalism 3. mutualism

Question 26

Parasitism

Answer 26

one species benefits and the other one is harmed

Question 27

ectoparasitism, example

Answer 27

external parasite (parasite plant)

Question 28

endoparasite, example

Answer 28

internal parasite (tape worm)

Question 29

direct transmission, example

Answer 29

parasite moves from one host to the other

Question 30

indirect transmission, example

Answer 30

parasite needs an intermediate vector to be transmitted to the host

Question 31

commensalism, example

Answer 31

one species benefits and the other is neutral, epiphites

Question 32

mutualism

Answer 32

both species benefit, clown fish and enenome

Question 33

Species Diversity

Answer 33

the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the environment

Question 34

Species Richness

Answer 34

species in a community

Question 35

Relative Abundance

Answer 35

the proportion each species represents of all the individuals in the community

Question 36

trophic structure

Answer 36

feeding relationships between organisms in the community

Question 37

as you move up the food chain energy is lost or gained?

Answer 37

lost due to heat

Question 38

What is the energetic hypothesis?

Answer 38

the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain

Question 39

What are dominant species ?

Answer 39

the species that are the most abundant or collectively have the highest biomass

Question 40

What are keystone species

Answer 40

organisms whose effect on the community is greater than expected based on its abundance (example, grey wolves)

Question 41

What is the bottom-up model?

Answer 41

lower trophic levels (primary producers) control the population of the higher trophic level (top-predator)

Question 42

Top down control?

Answer 42

the higher trophic level affects the lower trophic level. (grey wolves)

Question 43

What is bio-manipulation?

Answer 43

uses top down model to alter polluted environments

Question 44

What is ecological succession

Answer 44

slow, orderly change from simple to complex that occurs among communities

Question 45

What is primary ecological succession?

Answer 45

bare, lifeless substrate (volcanic island)

Question 46

What is secondary ecological succession?

Answer 46

existing community has been disturbed

Question 47

What are the three dynamic concepts in the process of succession?

Answer 47

Tolerance, Faciliation, and Inhibition

Question 48

Tolerance

Answer 48

early successional stages characterized by weedy, r-selected species that are tolerant of harsh a-biotic conditions?

Question 49

Faciliation

Answer 49

the weedy species introduce local change (N conversion) that allow less weedy species to survive

Question 50

Inhibition

Answer 50

changing environment (nutrient and pH changes) favor new species that out compete the original species

Question 51

What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

Answer 51

communities that experience moderate amounts of disturbance will have higher species richness when compared to little or great amounts of disturbance