Chapter 22: Descent w/ Modification

Question 1

What is the definition of EVOLUTION?

Answer 1

descent with modification or change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation

Question 2

What is the definition of FOSSILS?

Answer 2

A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past (often found trapped in sedimentary rocks)

Question 3

What is the definition of STRATA?

Answer 3

superimposed layers of sedimentary rocks

Question 4

What is the definition of PALEONTOLOGY?

Answer 4

the study of fossils (discovered by Cuner)

Question 5

Who said “geological processes are gradual”

Answer 5

Huton

Question 6

Who said “use and disuse, inheritance of aquired characteristics”

Answer 6

Lamark

Question 7

What is the definition of NATURAL SELECTION?

Answer 7

a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than do other individuals because of those traits

Question 8

What is an example of ADAPTATIONS seen in lecture?

Answer 8

The black variations of Galapagos finches

Question 9

What is ARTIFICIAL SELECTION?

Answer 9

modification of species over generations by selecting and breeding individuals that posses desired traits

Question 10

What were the 2 observations and 2 inferences that Darwin made regarding evolution?

Answer 10

Observation 1: members of a population vary in inherited traits
Observation 2: All offspring produce more offspring than their environment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive
Inference 1: individuals with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and thrive
Inference 2: the unequal ability to survive leads to the accumulation of favorable traits

Question 11

What is the definition of ADAPTATION?

Answer 11

inherited characteristics of an organism that enhances its chance of survival and reproduction in a specific environment

Question 12

What is the definition of FITNESS?

Answer 12

an organisms ability to survive, find a mate, and reproduce

Question 13

What is an example of NATURAL SELECTION seen in lecture?

Answer 13

The different types of flower and leaf mantids

Question 14

What was the main wrong assumptions of LAMARK?

Answer 14

That acquired traits could be passed down through generations

Question 15

In order for natural selection to occur these variations must occur: (demonstrated by what example?)

Answer 15

1. There must be variation
2. these variations must be heritable
3. these variations must effect the individuals ability to survive

example used: yellow and red lady bug

Question 16

Examples of ARTIFICIAL SELECTION?

Answer 16

brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli, kale, kohlrabi have alll been modified from wild mustard

Question 17

What is the example of evidence for evidence of evolution through direct observation?

Answer 17

The soapberry bug of Florida and its back length depending on its location/food source

S Florida feeds on balloon vine so has long beak
C Florida feeds on goldenrain tree so has short beak
populations that were introduced to the opposite food source evolved to have shorter/longer beak length

Question 18

What is an example of evidence for evidence of evolution through direct observation that has affected humans?

Answer 18

The bacteria S. Aureus becoming basically resistant to methilcilin in the form MRSA

Question 19

What is the definition of Homology?

Answer 19

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

Question 20

What is the definition of Homologous Structures? What are the examples used from class?

Answer 20

structures that represent variation on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor

ex. the forelimbs of bats, whales, humans, and cats
ex. the embryo of a chick and a human

Question 21

What is the definition of VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE?

Answer 21

remnants of features that served a purpose for the organisms ancestors but no longer serves the current animal.

ex. whale hip bones
ex. human tail bones
ex. human bump on ear (helix) shared with monkeys

Question 22

The fossil record documents the patterns of evolution, showing that cetaceans ___________________.

Answer 22

cetaceans are most closely related to hippopotamuses event toed ungulates

Question 23

What is the definition of ATP?

Answer 23

Adenosine tri-Phosphate

is the molecule that fuels life. It is where our cells get the energy needed to perform their tasks.

Question 24

What is the definition of biogeography and what was the example given in class?

Answer 24

The scientific study of the past and present geographic distributions of species
ex. horses in North America

Question 25

What is CONVERGENT EVOLUTION and what was the example of it in class?

Answer 25

the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages that arise due to similar environmental pressures

ex. sugar glider and flying squirrel

Question 26

What does ENDEMIC mean?

Answer 26

Referring to a species that is confined to a specific geographic area (found nowhere else in the world)

Question 27

Pangaea

Answer 27

The supercontinent that formed near the end of the Paleozoic era, when plate movements brought all the landmasses of Earth together.