Chapter 31: Fungi Flashcards
Are Fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs?
heterotrophs
fungi are composed of _______
hyphae
fungi have cell walls made of ________
chitin
What is different about the mitosis of fungi compared to plants and animals?
the nuclear envelope does not break down and mitosis occurs within the nucleus
Does fungi digest internally or externally?
externally
how does the external digestion of a fungi work?
secretes digestive enzymes into the environment into the surroundings and then absorb nutrients
Fungi break down ________ _________
complex molecules
Fungi are decomposers. T or F?
T
What is a decomposer?
break down organic molecules into inorganic molecules for the environment to use
Fungi break down complex molecules. T or F?
T
What is chitin?
a tough resistant polysaccharide found in cell walls
What are hyphae?
cell bodies that are long and slender filaments
What is the mycelium?
a mass of connected hyphae
What is the coenocytic hyphae
cells that lack septa and consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass having 100s or 1000s of nuclei
What is Haustorisa?
specialized hyphae that extract or exchange nutrients w/ host plant
Fungi hyphae have mating types that are called _____ and ______?
positive and negative
If compatible, the cytoplasm of two mating types fuse in a process called _________
plasmogamy
In plasmogamy the nuclei don’t fuse right away creating a ______ _____
dikaryon stage
What is a hetrokaryotic stage?
nuclei are genetically different
What is a homokaryotic stage?
nuclei are genetically similar
After some time, the two haploid nuclei fuse to form a _______ _______ in a process called _________
diploid nucleus
karyogamy
Meiosis restores the haploid condition as ______ are produced and germinate into ________
spores
hyphae
Life cycle of a fungi could be hours, days, or centuries. T or F?
T
What is the main life cycle of a fungus?
Heterokaryotic stage karyogamy zygote stage meiosis spore stage germination mycelium stage plasmogamy
What is the alternative cycle of a fungus?
mycelium stage mitosis spore producing structures produce spores germination mycelium stage
Fungi can produce spores through _______ and the spores germinate into _______
mitosis
mycelium
What is budding?
when a small portion of parent cell forms new cells and breaks off
What is binary fission?
one cell dividing into two
What is the order of relatedness for fungi between animals, plants, and protists?
protists, animals, and plants
What are opisthokonts?
clade includes animals, fungi, and protist originating from unicellular flagellated ancestor
Recent DNA evidence indicates that animals share the closet common ancestor to the protist: ___________
choanoflagellates
What is the most basal taxon of fungi?
chytridiomycetes
Chytridiomycetes are the only group that have motile ________
zoospores
Chytridiomycetes cause what in amphibians?
major population decreases in amphibians
What are zoo spores?
cells that move through water
Bread molds and molds on fruits are in what clade?
zygomycetes
In zygomycetes are hyphae that are _________
coenocytic
What type of sexual reproduction is most common in zygomycetes?
asexual reproduction
What are Chytridiomycetes?
The most basal type of fungi, they are aquatic with flagellated zoospores
What are zygomycetes?
fungi that produce zygotes
What are glomeromycetes?
asexual plant symbionts
What are mycorrhizal associations?
form branching structures that help with the nutrient exchange in plants and the plants provides carbs for fungus
What are Ascomycetes?
The sac (ascus) fungi
What is the clade that includes yeast and truffles?
Ascomycetes
What are endoparasites?
spend life in host
Conidiophores reproduce ____________
asexually
ascus reproduce ___________
sexually
What are basidiomycetes?
The club fungi
The most familiar fungi are part of what clade?
Basidiomycetes
Sexual reproduction occurs in basidia. T or F?
T
Secondary mycelium are _____karyotic in basidiomycetes?
hetero
What is symbiosis?
organisms closely interact
What is obligatory symbiosis? and an example.
essential for survival
microbes in cow stomach
What is facultative symbiosis? and an example.
can survive with out but may be helpful
pollination
mutualism
both benefit
commensalism
one benefits, one neutral
parasitism
one benefits, one harmed
pathogen
cause of disease
endophytes grow in the _______ spaces of plants
intercellular
What is the mutualistic relationship between endophytes and cocoa plants?
cocoa plants with endophytes has less damage
Lichen are composed of fungi and either ______ or ______
cyanobacteria or algae
Explain the mutualistic relationship between lichen and plants
organism gives carbs and lichen protects from desiccation and strong light
What is tripartite symbiosis?
involving 3 organisms (plant, animal, and fungus)
What is mycosis?
infection caused by fungul parasite
What is chitridmycosis?
fungal infection from the chytrid batrachochyrtiumdedrobatidis that is causing the decline in population and extinction of amphibian species
What are the 3 practical uses of fungi?
- used for decamp and mycorrhizae increase
- consumption for food and to make food
- used as medicine for antibiotics, reduce cholesterol, and increase immune function
