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Biology II > Chapter 31: Fungi > Flashcards

Chapter 31: Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Are Fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs?

A

heterotrophs

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2
Q

fungi are composed of _______

A

hyphae

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3
Q

fungi have cell walls made of ________

A

chitin

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4
Q

What is different about the mitosis of fungi compared to plants and animals?

A

the nuclear envelope does not break down and mitosis occurs within the nucleus

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5
Q

Does fungi digest internally or externally?

A

externally

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6
Q

how does the external digestion of a fungi work?

A

secretes digestive enzymes into the environment into the surroundings and then absorb nutrients

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7
Q

Fungi break down ________ _________

A

complex molecules

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8
Q

Fungi are decomposers. T or F?

A

T

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9
Q

What is a decomposer?

A

break down organic molecules into inorganic molecules for the environment to use

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10
Q

Fungi break down complex molecules. T or F?

A

T

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11
Q

What is chitin?

A

a tough resistant polysaccharide found in cell walls

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12
Q

What are hyphae?

A

cell bodies that are long and slender filaments

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13
Q

What is the mycelium?

A

a mass of connected hyphae

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14
Q

What is the coenocytic hyphae

A

cells that lack septa and consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass having 100s or 1000s of nuclei

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15
Q

What is Haustorisa?

A

specialized hyphae that extract or exchange nutrients w/ host plant

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16
Q

Fungi hyphae have mating types that are called _____ and ______?

A

positive and negative

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17
Q

If compatible, the cytoplasm of two mating types fuse in a process called _________

A

plasmogamy

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18
Q

In plasmogamy the nuclei don’t fuse right away creating a ______ _____

A

dikaryon stage

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19
Q

What is a hetrokaryotic stage?

A

nuclei are genetically different

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20
Q

What is a homokaryotic stage?

A

nuclei are genetically similar

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21
Q

After some time, the two haploid nuclei fuse to form a _______ _______ in a process called _________

A

diploid nucleus

karyogamy

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22
Q

Meiosis restores the haploid condition as ______ are produced and germinate into ________

A

spores

hyphae

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23
Q

Life cycle of a fungi could be hours, days, or centuries. T or F?

A

T

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24
Q

What is the main life cycle of a fungus?

A 
Heterokaryotic stage 
karyogamy
zygote stage 
meiosis 
spore stage 
germination 
mycelium stage 
plasmogamy
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25
Q

What is the alternative cycle of a fungus?

A 
mycelium stage
mitosis 
spore producing structures 
produce spores 
germination 
mycelium stage
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26
Q

Fungi can produce spores through _______ and the spores germinate into _______

A

mitosis

mycelium

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27
Q

What is budding?

A

when a small portion of parent cell forms new cells and breaks off

28
Q

What is binary fission?

A

one cell dividing into two

29
Q

What is the order of relatedness for fungi between animals, plants, and protists?

A

protists, animals, and plants

30
Q

What are opisthokonts?

A

clade includes animals, fungi, and protist originating from unicellular flagellated ancestor

31
Q

Recent DNA evidence indicates that animals share the closet common ancestor to the protist: ___________

A

choanoflagellates

32
Q

What is the most basal taxon of fungi?

A

chytridiomycetes

33
Q

Chytridiomycetes are the only group that have motile ________

A

zoospores

34
Q

Chytridiomycetes cause what in amphibians?

A

major population decreases in amphibians

35
Q

What are zoo spores?

A

cells that move through water

36
Q

Bread molds and molds on fruits are in what clade?

A

zygomycetes

37
Q

In zygomycetes are hyphae that are _________

A

coenocytic

38
Q

What type of sexual reproduction is most common in zygomycetes?

A

asexual reproduction

39
Q

What are Chytridiomycetes?

A

The most basal type of fungi, they are aquatic with flagellated zoospores

40
Q

What are zygomycetes?

A

fungi that produce zygotes

41
Q

What are glomeromycetes?

A

asexual plant symbionts

42
Q

What are mycorrhizal associations?

A

form branching structures that help with the nutrient exchange in plants and the plants provides carbs for fungus

43
Q

What are Ascomycetes?

A

The sac (ascus) fungi

44
Q

What is the clade that includes yeast and truffles?

A

Ascomycetes

45
Q

What are endoparasites?

A

spend life in host

46
Q

Conidiophores reproduce ____________

A

asexually

47
Q

ascus reproduce ___________

A

sexually

48
Q

What are basidiomycetes?

A

The club fungi

49
Q

The most familiar fungi are part of what clade?

A

Basidiomycetes

50
Q

Sexual reproduction occurs in basidia. T or F?

A

T

51
Q

Secondary mycelium are _____karyotic in basidiomycetes?

A

hetero

52
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

organisms closely interact

53
Q

What is obligatory symbiosis? and an example.

A

essential for survival

microbes in cow stomach

54
Q

What is facultative symbiosis? and an example.

A

can survive with out but may be helpful

pollination

55
Q

mutualism

A

both benefit

56
Q

commensalism

A

one benefits, one neutral

57
Q

parasitism

A

one benefits, one harmed

58
Q

pathogen

A

cause of disease

59
Q

endophytes grow in the _______ spaces of plants

A

intercellular

60
Q

What is the mutualistic relationship between endophytes and cocoa plants?

A

cocoa plants with endophytes has less damage

61
Q

Lichen are composed of fungi and either ______ or ______

A

cyanobacteria or algae

62
Q

Explain the mutualistic relationship between lichen and plants

A

organism gives carbs and lichen protects from desiccation and strong light

63
Q

What is tripartite symbiosis?

A

involving 3 organisms (plant, animal, and fungus)

64
Q

What is mycosis?

A

infection caused by fungul parasite

65
Q

What is chitridmycosis?

A

fungal infection from the chytrid batrachochyrtiumdedrobatidis that is causing the decline in population and extinction of amphibian species

66
Q

What are the 3 practical uses of fungi?

A
  1. used for decamp and mycorrhizae increase
  2. consumption for food and to make food
  3. used as medicine for antibiotics, reduce cholesterol, and increase immune function

Biology II (18 decks)

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