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Biology II > Chapter 24: The Origin of Species > Flashcards

Chapter 24: The Origin of Species Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Allopatric Speciation? What is an example of this?

A

speciation that occurs when populations are geographically separated

Ex. Harris/White tailed Antelope squirrels separated by the gran canyon

ex. Mosquito fish (predators and fat stored)

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2
Q

What is polyploidy? What is an example of this?

A

a chromosomal alteration in which the organisms possesses more than two complete chromosome sets that results from an accident in cell division

ex. The grey tree frog

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3
Q

What is SPECIATION? example?

A

an evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species

ex. California Salamander

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4
Q

What is a SPECIES/ BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT? example?

A

a population or group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable fertile offspring with other species

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5
Q

T or F? There is little variation in a species?

A

F! look at humans #diverseasfuck

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6
Q

What is the impact lack of gene flow on species?

A

can lead to formation of unique, new species

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7
Q

What is REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION?

A

the existence of biological barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring

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8
Q

What is a PREZYGOTIC BARRIER?

A

impedes mating between two species or hinders fertilization interspecific mating is attempted

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9
Q

What are the 5 types of prezygotic berriers?

A
  1. habitat isolation
  2. temporal
  3. behavioral
  4. mechanical
  5. gametic
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10
Q

What is HABITAT ISOLATION? example?

A

species occupy different habitats within the same area and therefore rarely encounter each other

ex. Thamnopfhis (one is primarily aquatic and the other spends its time on land)
ex. hawthorn vs blueberry maggot fly
these two types of flies chill and grub on different plants therefore limiting their interaction

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11
Q

What is TEMPORAL ISOLATION? example?

A

species do not breed together because they breed at different times of the day, season, or year

ex. W Skunk (late summer) and E Skunk (late winter)
ex. wood frog peak mating season is march-april and the leopard for is from April-may

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12
Q

What is BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION? example?

A

courtship rituals that attract mates and enable mate recognition are different between populations

ex. blue footed boobies have a special courtship dance unique to them
ex. electrical fish have mating electric frequencies that they send out

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13
Q

What is MECHANICAL ISOLATION? example?

A

mating is attempted but morphological differences prevent a successful completion

ex. the shells of snails that spiral in opposite directions restrict mating
ex. think of Great Danes and Chihuahua

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14
Q

What is GAMETIC ISOLATION? Example?

A

mating is attempted but the sperm of one specials cannot fertilize the egg of the other species
ex. red and purple sea urchins

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15
Q

What is POSTZYGOTIC BARRIERS ? example?

A

reproductive isolations occur after zygote is formed

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16
Q

What is REDUED HYBRID VIABILITY? example?

A

zygote forms but either

  1. embryo does not develop
  2. offspring does not survive well in its environment

ex. rana sp
ex. california salamanders- some hybridize but the hybrids do not complete development and those that do are frail

17
Q

What is REDUCED HYBRID FERTILITY? example?

A

hybrid is healthy but is infertile and cannot reproduce

ex. liger or mule

18
Q

What is HYBRID BREAKDOWN? Example?

A

when a viable, fertile hybrid reproduces but their offspring are feeble or sterile

ex. cultivated rice (smaller and smaller)

19
Q

What is an example that is an exclusion to the Biological Species Concept?

A

grolar bear (polar + grizzly)

20
Q

What is the MORPHOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT?

A

characterizes species by body shape and structural features

21
Q

What is the ECOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT?

A

defines species based on ecological niche

22
Q

What is the PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES CONCEPT?

A

defines species as the smallest group of individuals that share common ancestry

23
Q

What are the two modes of speciation?

A

Allopatric and Sympatric

24
Q

Which ones happens more quickly on average Allopatric or sympatric speciation?

A

Allopatric (due to different environmental pressures)

25
Q

What is an autopolyploid? Example?

A

an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are derived from a SINGLE SPECIES

ex. plants could double # chromosomes due to division error

26
Q

What is a tetraploid?

A

4n

27
Q

Tetraploid cannot produce offspring. T or F?

A

F, they are fertile but no longer able to mate with 2n organisms

28
Q

What is an ALLOPOLYPLOID? Example?

A

a fertile individual that has more than two chromosome sets as a result of TWO DIFFERENT SPECIES interbreeding and combining chromosomes

29
Q

What is HABITAT DIFFERENCIATION? example?

A

genetic factors enable a subpopulation to exploit a habitat/resource not used by the parent population

ex. apple/hawthorn maggot fly

30
Q

What is SEXUAL SELECTION? example?

A

a subset of the population starts choosing the opposite sex based on specific characteristics

ex. Breeding pundamilia pundamilia - blue-tinged back
Breeding pundamilia hyererei- red-tinged back

female sexual preference of the specific colored back keeps species separate

31
Q

What happens if a species with incomplete reproductive barriers come into contact with one another?

A

formation of hybrid zones

32
Q

What are HYBRID ZONES? example?

A

a geographic region in which members of different species meet and mate producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry

ex. fire bellied toad and yellow bellied toad have a clear hybrid zone in between them

33
Q

What are the 3 possible outcomes of the formation of a hybrid zone?

A
  1. reinforcement
  2. fusion
  3. stability
34
Q

What is REINFORCEMENT of a hybrid zone? example?

A

the process of NS strengthens the prezygotic barriers reducing the chances of hybrid formation

ex. pied/collard flycatcher
look similar in allopatric population but not in sympatric populations. color difference in the sympatric populations reinforces females to chose males of their own species

35
Q

What is FUSION of a hybrid zone? example?

A

when weak reproductive barriers increase gene flow between the two species to fuse into a single hybrid species

ex. pundamilia “turbid water”
pundamilia pundamilia and pundamilia nyrererei have lost their ability to identify red or blue fins as easily due to water conditions leading to more hybridization and ultimately the creation of ONE NEW SPECIES of pundamilia

36
Q

What is STABILITY of a hybrid zone? example?

A

when hybrids continue to be produced bc the hybrids survive and/or reproduce better than the parent species

ex. bombina hybrid toads have occurred for more than 20 years with no evidence for reinforcement or fusion

37
Q

What is PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM?

A

periods of stasis followed by sudden change

ex. the bottle neck effect

38
Q

What is GRADUALISM?

A

change occurs gradually over long periods of time

ex. human evolution from chimp like ancestors

Biology II (18 decks)

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