Chapter 53: Organismal & Population Ecology

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

maintaining steady internal environment throughout variation

Question 2

Physiological responses

Answer 2

changes in elevation

Question 3

Morpholical Capablities

Answer 3

changes in fur to regulate temp

Question 4

Behavioral reasponses

Answer 4

basking in the sun to regulate temp

Question 5

What is allens rule of trends in ectotherms

Answer 5

shorter ears and limbs in areas that have colder environment reduces surface area that could cause heat loss

Question 6

Body mass ______ with increase in latitude and altitude

Answer 6

increases

Question 7

Larger animals have _____ surface area to volume ratio so they radiate less body heat per unit mass

Answer 7

lower

Question 8

POpulations

Answer 8

a group of individuals of the same species that inhabit a given area.

Question 9

Subpopulations

Answer 9

– a subdivision of a population that is associated with a restricted patch of habitat.

Question 10

Metapopulation

Answer 10

– networks of distinct populations that interact with one another by exchanging individuals.

Question 11

Density

Answer 11

individuals/volume

Question 12

What are the two different ways to measure population density

Answer 12

1. plot sampling: estimates sessile indicators

2. Mark-recapture method: estimates moving animals

Question 13

Dispersion

Answer 13

the spatial location or arrangement of organisms

Question 14

Random

Answer 14

unpredictable spacing which the position of each individual is independent of others and this rarely occurs in nature (weeds)

Question 15

Uniform

Answer 15

evenly spaced individuals and occurs where there is discrete competition for resources. (penguins)

Question 16

Clumped

Answer 16

– individuals aggregate in patches and occurs in response to uneven distribution of resources or environmental condition

Question 17

Geographic Range

Answer 17

the area that encompasses the entire population of the species

Question 18

Dispersal

Answer 18

– movement of individuals away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density

Question 19

Population Growth

Answer 19

refers to how the # of individuals in a population increase or decrease with time

Question 20

Four aspects of population growth

Answer 20

Birth, Death, Immigration, Emmigration

Question 21

Exponential Population Growth Models

Answer 21

population increase when there are no limits on rate of growth (elephants post-protection)

Question 22

Logistic Population Growth:

Answer 22

increase population until the carrying capacity is reached (ex. Daphina the water flea over shoot carrying capacity and then goes down)

Question 23

Carrying capacity

Answer 23

the max population size that a particular can sustain

Question 24

Density Dependent

Answer 24

occurs when the birth rates and or death rates correlate with population size (competition for reasource- Soay Sheep)

Question 25

Density Independent

Answer 25

effect occurs regardless of population size

Question 26

What does the life table take into account?

Answer 26

life tables take into account that birthrates and death rates vary with age

Question 27

What are the 3 types of survivor curves

Answer 27

I: heavy mortallity at the end of life span (humans)
II: survival rates do not vary with age (birds and rodents)
III: mortalitty high at young age (fish)

Question 28

Two types of life history patterns

Answer 28

1. Semel: one single reproductive event and then they die (black widow)
2. Itero: produce offspring many times over seasons

Question 29

What are the two factors that affect life history patterns?

Answer 29

1. Life Span

2. Fecundity: # young produces in each breeding bout

Question 30

K-selected animals

Answer 30

live near the carrying capacity

Question 31

r-selected animals

Answer 31

live way below the carrying capacity
reproduce early
die early
lots of eggs