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Biology II > Chapter 28: Protists > Flashcards

Chapter 28: Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a protist?

A

An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

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2
Q

What is a Eukaryotic Cell?

A

A cell that has a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

Most protists are unicellular, but some are multicellular or colonial. T or F?

A

T

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of eukaryotes?

A
  1. plants
  2. animals
  3. fungus
  4. protists
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5
Q

What protist helps termites breakdown the cellulose of wood?

A

Trickonympha (lives in the termite gut)

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6
Q

What is an example of protists that can photosynthesize?

A

Euglena viridis

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7
Q

What protist causes the red tide?

A

dingoflagellate

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8
Q

What protist causes malaria in humans?

A

plasmodium

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9
Q

What protists causes the African sleeping virus?

A

Trypanosome gambiense

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10
Q

What protist causes amebic dysentery?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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11
Q

What was the importance of colonial protists?

A

living in groups lead to multicellularity

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12
Q

What is a volvox?

A

a colony of protists

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13
Q

What are the three types of locomotion for protists?

A

Flagella, Cilia, and Pseudopodia

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14
Q

What are flagella? What example protist uses this?

A

one or two extension from the cell body that propel the cell, Euglenoid

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15
Q

What are cilia? What example protist uses this?

A

many small hair like structures, Paramecium

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16
Q

What are pseudopodia? What example protist uses this?

A

“fake feet” large extensions of the cell body that can be used for locomotion or feeding, Amoeba

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17
Q

What are photo-autotrophs?

A

obtain energy through photosynthesis via chloroplasts (green coloration)

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18
Q

What are heterotrophs? What are the two types of protist heterotrophs?

A

absorb organic molecules or ingest food particles, phagotrophs and osmotrophs

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19
Q

What are mixotrophs?

A

an organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy

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20
Q

What is an example of a mixotroph?

A

Euglena

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21
Q

What are phagotrophs?

A

engulf food particles

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22
Q

What are osmotrophs?

A

obtain liquids

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23
Q

A mixotroph can only use heterotrophy if _____ is available?

A

light

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24
Q

What is more efficient in mixotrophs heterotrophy or photosynthesis?

A

photosynthesis

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25
Q

What are the 3 types of a sexual reproduction that protists use?

A

binary fission, budding, and schizogony

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26
Q

What is the basic way that binary fission works?

A

the cell grows to half its size and then splits

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27
Q

In eukaryotes does binary fission use mitosis?

A

yes

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28
Q

What is the basic way that budding works?

A

smaller daughter cell breaks off or parent

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29
Q

What is the basic way that schizogony works?

A

several nuclear division followed by cell division

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30
Q

Frequent genetic recombination generates ________ in populations

A

variance

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31
Q

What is the basis of sexual reproduction in protists?

A

meiosis results in haploid cells from diploid cells followed by fertilization

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32
Q

What is an example of a protist that uses schizogony?

A

plasmodia

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33
Q

Most protists have the capability to reproduce sexually. T or F?

A

T

34
Q

Protists either reproduce sexually or asexually. T or F?

A

F, they can produce both ways

35
Q

What is the common name for brown algae?

A

kelp

36
Q

The gametophyte is quite small (few centimeters. T or F?

A

T

37
Q

There is now considerable evidence that much of the protist diversity has origins in _______________

A

endosymbiosis

38
Q

What did red and green algae evolve into after they acquired photosynthetic cyanobacterium?

A

plastids

39
Q

What is a plastid?

A

one of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts

40
Q

What are the three supporting evidences that support the idea that plastids evolved from red and green algae?

A
  1. plastid DNA resembles cyanobacteria DNA
  2. plastids are surrounded by two membranes
  3. transport proteins in membranes are homologous to membranes of cyanobacteria symbionts
41
Q

What are chlorarchniophytes?

A

marine amen-flagellate that evolved from eukaryote engulfing algae

42
Q

What was the product of secondary endosymbiosis?

A

chlorarachniophytes

43
Q

What are is the evidence for the secondary endosymbiosis of protists?

A
  1. DNA sequence indicates they came from green algae

2. plastids are surrounded by 4 membranes in chlorarachniophytes

44
Q

What is the hypothesis for plastid diversity by endosymbiosis?

A

That a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfed a cyanobacteria, and then was engulfed by a larger eukaryote

45
Q

What is the difference between red and green algae regarding their membranes?

A

red algae have 3 membranes around their engulfed cyanobacterium

green algae have 2 membranes around their engulfed cyanobacteria

46
Q

Primary endosymbiosis lead to the evolution of what two algae?

A

red algae and green algae

47
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis of red algae lead to what protists?

A

dinoflagellates (red tide), apicomplexans (malaria), and stramenopiles (brown algae)

48
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis of green algae lead to what protists?

A

Euglenids and chlorarachniophytes

49
Q

Protists were once a single kingdom. T or F?

A

T

50
Q

What are the 5 groups of protists?

A
  1. Excavata
  2. Chromaveolata
  3. Rhizaria
  4. Archaeplastids
  5. Unikonta
51
Q

What is the common characteristic of the excavata?

A

they have an excavated groove on one side of the body

52
Q

Giardia is an example of what group of protists?

A

excavata

53
Q

What group of protists originated from secondary endosymbiosis? (some are photosynthetic and others are parasites)

A

chromaveolata

54
Q

Plasmodium is an example of what group of protists?

A

chromaveolata

55
Q

What group of protists do most amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia belong to?

A

rhizaria

56
Q

What is the sister taxa to land plants?

A

green algae

57
Q

Are charophytes closely related to land plants?

A

yes

58
Q

What group of protists do amoebas with lobe shaped pseudopodia belong to?

A

Unikonta

59
Q

What group of protists do non amoeba protists that are closely related to fungi and animals?

A

Unikonta

60
Q

Sister taxa for fungi and animals are in what group of protists?

A

unikonta

61
Q

What is the root meaning of Dino and how does it relate to dinoflagellates?

A

Dino means whirling and they relate to dinoflagellates because they have two unequal flagella

62
Q

Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic. T or F?

A

T

63
Q

Bioluminescence is due to _________?

A

symbiosis with bacteria

64
Q

Dinoflagellates are toxic when what?

A

when their population explodes (like in red tide)

65
Q

How many species of dinoflagellates are toxins that harm vertebrates?

A

20

66
Q

Why are dinoflagellates are brownish or red due to presence of ___________

A

carotenoids

67
Q

plasmodium cause _________ in humans.

A

malaria

68
Q

complex life cycle with ______ and ________ host

A

mosquito, mammal

69
Q

Do plasmodium use alternation of generations?

A

yes

70
Q

What are the 4 ways that we fight/have fought malaria? What are the negative side effects of each?

A
  1. DDT: chemical used to kill mosquitos, but also thins shells, kills everything, and is detrimental to the environment
  2. Antimalaria Pills: prevent getting the disease, but there are side effects, they are expensive, and no good for daily use
  3. Tonic: was used to kill the plasmodium, but evolved and no longer has an effect
  4. Sterilization of male mosquitos: problem is that reducing population of mosquitos can disrupt the environment
71
Q

How many people die from malaria every year?

A

900,000

72
Q

How many people are infected by malaria each year?

A

250,000,000

73
Q

Are plasmodia photosynthetic?

A

no

74
Q

Do plasmodia have plastids?

A

yes

75
Q

Human is the ________ host, and the mosquito is the _________ host

A

determinant, intermediate

76
Q

choanoflagellates are what group of protists?

A

unikonta

77
Q

choanoflagellates likely share common ancestry with _______

A

animals

78
Q

sponges have ___________ __________ that exactly match the flagellated structure of these protists

A

flagellated cells

79
Q

What are flagellate cells called?

A

choanocytes

80
Q

Homology in _______ _______ with sponges

A

surface receptor

Biology II (18 decks)

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