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Biology II > Chapter 29: Plant Diversity I > Flashcards

Chapter 29: Plant Diversity I Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the ancestor of fresh water algae?

A

charophytes

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2
Q

What are the 5 synapomorphies of algae and some plants?

A
  1. multicellular
  2. eukaryotic
  3. photosynthetic autotrophs
  4. call walls of cellulose
  5. chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll a and b
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3
Q

What are the 3 morphological and biochemical evidences for charophytes close relationship to plants?

A

a. specific proteins and enzymes
b. similar sperm structure
c. similar cell division

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4
Q

What is the difference between kingdom viridiplantae and plantae?

A

viridiplantae: includes land plants and green algae
plantae: just includes land plants

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5
Q

What are the groups within viridiplantae?

A

chlorophytes, charophytes, and embyophytes

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6
Q

What are the groups within streptophyta?

A

charophytes and embryophytes

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7
Q

What are the groups within plantae?

A

embyrophytes

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8
Q

what are the 4 benefits of land plants colonizing land?

A
  1. more exposure to sunlight than in water
  2. more CO2 available
  3. Soil rich in minerals
  4. fewer predators at the start (herbivores and pathogens)
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9
Q

What were the challenges of land plants evolving to live on land?

A

less water (desiccation) and gravity

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10
Q

What are the 4 key derived traits of plants adaptations to life on land?

A
  1. Alternation of generations and multicellular dependent embryos
  2. walled spores produced in sporangia
  3. multicellular gametangia
  4. apical meristem
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11
Q

Alternation of generations alternates between a _______ and ______ phase

A

haploid, diploid

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12
Q

In alternation of generations both phases are _________

A

multicellular

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13
Q

Gametophyte phase produces ________ via ______

A

gametes, mitosis

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14
Q

Sporophyte phase is a result of ___________

A

fertilization

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15
Q

What are embryophytes?

A

land plants (zygote develops into multicellular embryo)

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16
Q

The sporangia produces ________ via ________

A

spores, meiosis

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17
Q

Spores germinate into _________

A

gametophyte

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18
Q

What is sporopollenin?

A

makes the spore less susceptible to desiccation and more resistant to harsh conditions

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19
Q

Spores are produced in the __________

A

sporangia

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20
Q

Diploid cells called sporophytes undergo _______ to generate _______ spores

A

meiosis, haploid

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21
Q

Where is sporopollenin located in the spore?

A

the spore walls

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22
Q

What is a gametangia?

A

the organ in which gametes are produced

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23
Q

What are the types of gametangia?

A

archegonia and antheridia

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24
Q

Where are eggs produced?

A

anchegonia

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25
Q

Where is the sperm produced?

A

antheridia

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26
Q

What is an apical meristem?

A

A localized region at a growing tip of a plant body where one or more cells divide rapidly

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27
Q

Mosses have roots, shoots, and vascular tissue. T or F?

A

F, they do not have roots, shoots, or vascular tissue

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28
Q

Where is the apical meristem located?

A

roots and shoots of vascular plants

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29
Q

Shoot apical meristem generate ______ in most

A

leaves

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30
Q

Besides the apical meristem what are the additional derieved traits for life on land in plants?

A
  1. Cuticle with stomata
  2. Mycorrhizae
  3. Flavonoids
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31
Q

What was the importance of the cuticle with stomata for land plants?

A

helps prevent desiccation and microbial attack

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32
Q

What is the role of Mycorrhizae in land plants?

A

there is a symbiotic association with fungi that helps with absorption at the roots and is believed to be extremely important in plants transition onto land

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33
Q

What are flavonoids?

A

secondary compounds that absorb harmful UV radiation

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34
Q

What are secondary compounds?

A

bi-products of a chem reaction

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35
Q

Explain the roles of the mutualistic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

A

plant gets more vitamins and nutrition and fungus gets carbs and sugar

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36
Q

What are the three types of bryophytes?

A

Hepato (liverworts), Bryo (mosses), and Anthocero (Hornworts)

37
Q

What are the two types of seedless vascular plants?

A

lycophyta and pterophyta

38
Q

What are the two phylums that have seeds?

A

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

39
Q

What are the 4 types of gymnosperms?

A

Ginkgo, Cycado, Gneto, and Conifero (phyta)

40
Q

For bryophytes the gametophyte is dominant. T or F?

A

T

41
Q

The gametophyte of a bryophyte is photosynthetic. T or F?

A

T

42
Q

For Nonvascular plants (bryophytes), the sporophytes grow on the ________ and depend on them for _________

A

Gametophyte, nutrients

43
Q

Bryophytes requires ________ for sexual reproduction

A

water

44
Q

Bryophytes are anchored by __________

A

rhizoids

45
Q

__________ are the first to emerge from the spore and anchor in bryophytes

A

rhizoids

46
Q

What are the three reasons that rhizoids are not roots?

A
  1. not vascular tissue
  2. are found in the gametophyte phase and roots are found in sporophyte phase
  3. not multicellular
47
Q

What are the 4 steps of the moss life cycle?

A
  1. Gametangia (archegonia and antheridia)
  2. Syngamy
  3. Zygote divides by mitosis to form sporophyte with sporangium
  4. Spores germination results in rhizoids and the developing gametes
48
Q

What is syngamy?

A

fusion of egg and sperm

49
Q

In the moss life cycle is there a hermaphrodite?

A

no, sexes are separate

50
Q

What is the stomata?

A

a pore that opens and closes

51
Q

Do liverworts have stomata?

A

no

52
Q

what shape of gametophytes do liverworts have?

A

liver shaped

53
Q

Do hornworts have a photosynthetic sporophyte?

A

yes

54
Q

Do hornworts have stomata?

A

yes

55
Q

In the arctic what type of plants are the most abundant?

A

mosses

56
Q

Where is the most diversity of mosses found?

A

in the rainforest

57
Q

Are mosses found in the desert?

A

no

58
Q

Mosses can be used as a pollution indicator. T or F?

A

T

59
Q

Can bryophytes reduce there are at which key nutrients are lost from the soil?

A

yes

60
Q

What is a cooksonia?

A

the first vascular tissue

61
Q

What are the two types of tracheas for vascular tissue?

A
  1. Xylem

2. Phloem

62
Q

What is a Xylem?

A

conducts water and nutrients upward from the roots

63
Q

What is a Phloem

A

conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant

64
Q

What are the synapomorphies for tracheophytes (vascular plants)

A
  1. waxy cuticle
  2. sporophyte dominant
  3. tracheids for vascular tissue
65
Q

What are the 3 clades of vascular plants?

A

lycophyta, pterophyta, and seed plants

66
Q

What is the pith?

A

cells that store sugars and proteins

67
Q

What is the function of the cortex and epidermis?

A

protect the stem

68
Q

The dominant sporophyte lives independently from the gametophyte in seedless vascular plants. T or F?

A

T

69
Q

Are seedless vascular plants monophyletic?

A

no, do not include coniferophyta

70
Q

What is the difference between leaf types in lycophytes and pterophytes

A

lycophytes have microphylls

pterophytes have megaphylls

71
Q

What are the earliest phylum of vascular plants?

A

lycophytes

72
Q

Are mosses a form of lycophytes?

A

no

73
Q

What are epiphytes?

A

plants that use other plants as substrates, but are not parasites

74
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One organism benefits and the other is not harmed

75
Q

What is homosporous?

A

one size of spores, turns into hermaphrodite and male gametophyte

76
Q

What is heteroposrous?

A

different size spores, turns into male and female spores

77
Q

Ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails are part of what group?

A

pterophytes

78
Q

Wisk ferns lack _____ and _____

A

roots and leaves

79
Q

Wisk ferns have a symbiotic relationship with fungi. T or F?

A

T

80
Q

Horse tails have ______ in them which was used by pioneers

A

silica

81
Q

what are the most abundant groups of seedless vascular plants?

A

ferns

82
Q

Ferns are mostly ____sporpous

A

homo

83
Q

Pterophyta have rhizomes. T or F?

A

T

84
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

underground stems that emerge

85
Q

Sporangia are clustered in group called ______ in ferns

A

sori

86
Q

In ferns, both the sporophyte and gametophyte are __________

A

photosynthetic

87
Q

In the fern life cycle the _______ is dominant

A

sporophyte

88
Q

The leaves of ferns are called _______ and emerge from ________

A

fronds, fiddleheads

Biology II (18 decks)

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