Chapter 29: Plant Diversity I Flashcards
What is the ancestor of fresh water algae?
charophytes
What are the 5 synapomorphies of algae and some plants?
- multicellular
- eukaryotic
- photosynthetic autotrophs
- call walls of cellulose
- chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll a and b
What are the 3 morphological and biochemical evidences for charophytes close relationship to plants?
a. specific proteins and enzymes
b. similar sperm structure
c. similar cell division
What is the difference between kingdom viridiplantae and plantae?
viridiplantae: includes land plants and green algae
plantae: just includes land plants
What are the groups within viridiplantae?
chlorophytes, charophytes, and embyophytes
What are the groups within streptophyta?
charophytes and embryophytes
What are the groups within plantae?
embyrophytes
what are the 4 benefits of land plants colonizing land?
- more exposure to sunlight than in water
- more CO2 available
- Soil rich in minerals
- fewer predators at the start (herbivores and pathogens)
What were the challenges of land plants evolving to live on land?
less water (desiccation) and gravity
What are the 4 key derived traits of plants adaptations to life on land?
- Alternation of generations and multicellular dependent embryos
- walled spores produced in sporangia
- multicellular gametangia
- apical meristem
Alternation of generations alternates between a _______ and ______ phase
haploid, diploid
In alternation of generations both phases are _________
multicellular
Gametophyte phase produces ________ via ______
gametes, mitosis
Sporophyte phase is a result of ___________
fertilization
What are embryophytes?
land plants (zygote develops into multicellular embryo)
The sporangia produces ________ via ________
spores, meiosis
Spores germinate into _________
gametophyte
What is sporopollenin?
makes the spore less susceptible to desiccation and more resistant to harsh conditions
Spores are produced in the __________
sporangia
Diploid cells called sporophytes undergo _______ to generate _______ spores
meiosis, haploid
Where is sporopollenin located in the spore?
the spore walls
What is a gametangia?
the organ in which gametes are produced
What are the types of gametangia?
archegonia and antheridia
Where are eggs produced?
anchegonia
Where is the sperm produced?
antheridia
What is an apical meristem?
A localized region at a growing tip of a plant body where one or more cells divide rapidly
Mosses have roots, shoots, and vascular tissue. T or F?
F, they do not have roots, shoots, or vascular tissue
Where is the apical meristem located?
roots and shoots of vascular plants
Shoot apical meristem generate ______ in most
leaves
Besides the apical meristem what are the additional derieved traits for life on land in plants?
- Cuticle with stomata
- Mycorrhizae
- Flavonoids
What was the importance of the cuticle with stomata for land plants?
helps prevent desiccation and microbial attack
What is the role of Mycorrhizae in land plants?
there is a symbiotic association with fungi that helps with absorption at the roots and is believed to be extremely important in plants transition onto land
What are flavonoids?
secondary compounds that absorb harmful UV radiation
What are secondary compounds?
bi-products of a chem reaction
Explain the roles of the mutualistic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
plant gets more vitamins and nutrition and fungus gets carbs and sugar
What are the three types of bryophytes?
Hepato (liverworts), Bryo (mosses), and Anthocero (Hornworts)
What are the two types of seedless vascular plants?
lycophyta and pterophyta
What are the two phylums that have seeds?
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
What are the 4 types of gymnosperms?
Ginkgo, Cycado, Gneto, and Conifero (phyta)
For bryophytes the gametophyte is dominant. T or F?
T
The gametophyte of a bryophyte is photosynthetic. T or F?
T
For Nonvascular plants (bryophytes), the sporophytes grow on the ________ and depend on them for _________
Gametophyte, nutrients
Bryophytes requires ________ for sexual reproduction
water
Bryophytes are anchored by __________
rhizoids
__________ are the first to emerge from the spore and anchor in bryophytes
rhizoids
What are the three reasons that rhizoids are not roots?
- not vascular tissue
- are found in the gametophyte phase and roots are found in sporophyte phase
- not multicellular
What are the 4 steps of the moss life cycle?
- Gametangia (archegonia and antheridia)
- Syngamy
- Zygote divides by mitosis to form sporophyte with sporangium
- Spores germination results in rhizoids and the developing gametes
What is syngamy?
fusion of egg and sperm
In the moss life cycle is there a hermaphrodite?
no, sexes are separate
What is the stomata?
a pore that opens and closes
Do liverworts have stomata?
no
what shape of gametophytes do liverworts have?
liver shaped
Do hornworts have a photosynthetic sporophyte?
yes
Do hornworts have stomata?
yes
In the arctic what type of plants are the most abundant?
mosses
Where is the most diversity of mosses found?
in the rainforest
Are mosses found in the desert?
no
Mosses can be used as a pollution indicator. T or F?
T
Can bryophytes reduce there are at which key nutrients are lost from the soil?
yes
What is a cooksonia?
the first vascular tissue
What are the two types of tracheas for vascular tissue?
- Xylem
2. Phloem
What is a Xylem?
conducts water and nutrients upward from the roots
What is a Phloem
conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant
What are the synapomorphies for tracheophytes (vascular plants)
- waxy cuticle
- sporophyte dominant
- tracheids for vascular tissue
What are the 3 clades of vascular plants?
lycophyta, pterophyta, and seed plants
What is the pith?
cells that store sugars and proteins
What is the function of the cortex and epidermis?
protect the stem
The dominant sporophyte lives independently from the gametophyte in seedless vascular plants. T or F?
T
Are seedless vascular plants monophyletic?
no, do not include coniferophyta
What is the difference between leaf types in lycophytes and pterophytes
lycophytes have microphylls
pterophytes have megaphylls
What are the earliest phylum of vascular plants?
lycophytes
Are mosses a form of lycophytes?
no
What are epiphytes?
plants that use other plants as substrates, but are not parasites
What is commensalism?
One organism benefits and the other is not harmed
What is homosporous?
one size of spores, turns into hermaphrodite and male gametophyte
What is heteroposrous?
different size spores, turns into male and female spores
Ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails are part of what group?
pterophytes
Wisk ferns lack _____ and _____
roots and leaves
Wisk ferns have a symbiotic relationship with fungi. T or F?
T
Horse tails have ______ in them which was used by pioneers
silica
what are the most abundant groups of seedless vascular plants?
ferns
Ferns are mostly ____sporpous
homo
Pterophyta have rhizomes. T or F?
T
What are rhizomes?
underground stems that emerge
Sporangia are clustered in group called ______ in ferns
sori
In ferns, both the sporophyte and gametophyte are __________
photosynthetic
In the fern life cycle the _______ is dominant
sporophyte
The leaves of ferns are called _______ and emerge from ________
fronds, fiddleheads
