Chapter 29: Plant Diversity I

Question 1

What is the ancestor of fresh water algae?

Answer 1

charophytes

Question 2

What are the 5 synapomorphies of algae and some plants?

Answer 2

1. multicellular
2. eukaryotic
3. photosynthetic autotrophs
4. call walls of cellulose
5. chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll a and b

Question 3

What are the 3 morphological and biochemical evidences for charophytes close relationship to plants?

Answer 3

a. specific proteins and enzymes
b. similar sperm structure
c. similar cell division

Question 4

What is the difference between kingdom viridiplantae and plantae?

Answer 4

viridiplantae: includes land plants and green algae
plantae: just includes land plants

Question 5

What are the groups within viridiplantae?

Answer 5

chlorophytes, charophytes, and embyophytes

Question 6

What are the groups within streptophyta?

Answer 6

charophytes and embryophytes

Question 7

What are the groups within plantae?

Answer 7

embyrophytes

Question 8

what are the 4 benefits of land plants colonizing land?

Answer 8

1. more exposure to sunlight than in water
2. more CO2 available
3. Soil rich in minerals
4. fewer predators at the start (herbivores and pathogens)

Question 9

What were the challenges of land plants evolving to live on land?

Answer 9

less water (desiccation) and gravity

Question 10

What are the 4 key derived traits of plants adaptations to life on land?

Answer 10

1. Alternation of generations and multicellular dependent embryos
2. walled spores produced in sporangia
3. multicellular gametangia
4. apical meristem

Question 11

Alternation of generations alternates between a _______ and ______ phase

Answer 11

haploid, diploid

Question 12

In alternation of generations both phases are _________

Answer 12

multicellular

Question 13

Gametophyte phase produces ________ via ______

Answer 13

gametes, mitosis

Question 14

Sporophyte phase is a result of ___________

Answer 14

fertilization

Question 15

What are embryophytes?

Answer 15

land plants (zygote develops into multicellular embryo)

Question 16

The sporangia produces ________ via ________

Answer 16

spores, meiosis

Question 17

Spores germinate into _________

Answer 17

gametophyte

Question 18

What is sporopollenin?

Answer 18

makes the spore less susceptible to desiccation and more resistant to harsh conditions

Question 19

Spores are produced in the __________

Answer 19

sporangia

Question 20

Diploid cells called sporophytes undergo _______ to generate _______ spores

Answer 20

meiosis, haploid

Question 21

Where is sporopollenin located in the spore?

Answer 21

the spore walls

Question 22

What is a gametangia?

Answer 22

the organ in which gametes are produced

Question 23

What are the types of gametangia?

Answer 23

archegonia and antheridia

Question 24

Where are eggs produced?

Answer 24

anchegonia

Question 25

Where is the sperm produced?

Answer 25

antheridia

Question 26

What is an apical meristem?

Answer 26

A localized region at a growing tip of a plant body where one or more cells divide rapidly

Question 27

Mosses have roots, shoots, and vascular tissue. T or F?

Answer 27

F, they do not have roots, shoots, or vascular tissue

Question 28

Where is the apical meristem located?

Answer 28

roots and shoots of vascular plants

Question 29

Shoot apical meristem generate ______ in most

Answer 29

leaves

Question 30

Besides the apical meristem what are the additional derieved traits for life on land in plants?

Answer 30

1. Cuticle with stomata 2. Mycorrhizae 3. Flavonoids

Question 31

What was the importance of the cuticle with stomata for land plants?

Answer 31

helps prevent desiccation and microbial attack

Question 32

What is the role of Mycorrhizae in land plants?

Answer 32

there is a symbiotic association with fungi that helps with absorption at the roots and is believed to be extremely important in plants transition onto land

Question 33

What are flavonoids?

Answer 33

secondary compounds that absorb harmful UV radiation

Question 34

What are secondary compounds?

Answer 34

bi-products of a chem reaction

Question 35

Explain the roles of the mutualistic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Answer 35

plant gets more vitamins and nutrition and fungus gets carbs and sugar

Question 36

What are the three types of bryophytes?

Answer 36

Hepato (liverworts), Bryo (mosses), and Anthocero (Hornworts)

Question 37

What are the two types of seedless vascular plants?

Answer 37

lycophyta and pterophyta

Question 38

What are the two phylums that have seeds?

Answer 38

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Question 39

What are the 4 types of gymnosperms?

Answer 39

Ginkgo, Cycado, Gneto, and Conifero (phyta)

Question 40

For bryophytes the gametophyte is dominant. T or F?

Answer 40

T

Question 41

The gametophyte of a bryophyte is photosynthetic. T or F?

Answer 41

T

Question 42

For Nonvascular plants (bryophytes), the sporophytes grow on the ________ and depend on them for _________

Answer 42

Gametophyte, nutrients

Question 43

Bryophytes requires ________ for sexual reproduction

Answer 43

water

Question 44

Bryophytes are anchored by __________

Answer 44

rhizoids

Question 45

__________ are the first to emerge from the spore and anchor in bryophytes

Answer 45

rhizoids

Question 46

What are the three reasons that rhizoids are not roots?

Answer 46

1. not vascular tissue 2. are found in the gametophyte phase and roots are found in sporophyte phase 3. not multicellular

Question 47

What are the 4 steps of the moss life cycle?

Answer 47

1. Gametangia (archegonia and antheridia) 2. Syngamy 3. Zygote divides by mitosis to form sporophyte with sporangium 4. Spores germination results in rhizoids and the developing gametes

Question 48

What is syngamy?

Answer 48

fusion of egg and sperm

Question 49

In the moss life cycle is there a hermaphrodite?

Answer 49

no, sexes are separate

Question 50

What is the stomata?

Answer 50

a pore that opens and closes

Question 51

Do liverworts have stomata?

Answer 51

no

Question 52

what shape of gametophytes do liverworts have?

Answer 52

liver shaped

Question 53

Do hornworts have a photosynthetic sporophyte?

Answer 53

yes

Question 54

Do hornworts have stomata?

Answer 54

yes

Question 55

In the arctic what type of plants are the most abundant?

Answer 55

mosses

Question 56

Where is the most diversity of mosses found?

Answer 56

in the rainforest

Question 57

Are mosses found in the desert?

Answer 57

no

Question 58

Mosses can be used as a pollution indicator. T or F?

Answer 58

T

Question 59

Can bryophytes reduce there are at which key nutrients are lost from the soil?

Answer 59

yes

Question 60

What is a cooksonia?

Answer 60

the first vascular tissue

Question 61

What are the two types of tracheas for vascular tissue?

Answer 61

1. Xylem | 2. Phloem

Question 62

What is a Xylem?

Answer 62

conducts water and nutrients upward from the roots

Question 63

What is a Phloem

Answer 63

conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant

Question 64

What are the synapomorphies for tracheophytes (vascular plants)

Answer 64

1. waxy cuticle 2. sporophyte dominant 3. tracheids for vascular tissue

Question 65

What are the 3 clades of vascular plants?

Answer 65

lycophyta, pterophyta, and seed plants

Question 66

What is the pith?

Answer 66

cells that store sugars and proteins

Question 67

What is the function of the cortex and epidermis?

Answer 67

protect the stem

Question 68

The dominant sporophyte lives independently from the gametophyte in seedless vascular plants. T or F?

Answer 68

T

Question 69

Are seedless vascular plants monophyletic?

Answer 69

no, do not include coniferophyta

Question 70

What is the difference between leaf types in lycophytes and pterophytes

Answer 70

lycophytes have microphylls pterophytes have megaphylls

Question 71

What are the earliest phylum of vascular plants?

Answer 71

lycophytes

Question 72

Are mosses a form of lycophytes?

Answer 72

no

Question 73

What are epiphytes?

Answer 73

plants that use other plants as substrates, but are not parasites

Question 74

What is commensalism?

Answer 74

One organism benefits and the other is not harmed

Question 75

What is homosporous?

Answer 75

one size of spores, turns into hermaphrodite and male gametophyte

Question 76

What is heteroposrous?

Answer 76

different size spores, turns into male and female spores

Question 77

Ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails are part of what group?

Answer 77

pterophytes

Question 78

Wisk ferns lack _____ and _____

Answer 78

roots and leaves

Question 79

Wisk ferns have a symbiotic relationship with fungi. T or F?

Answer 79

T

Question 80

Horse tails have ______ in them which was used by pioneers

Answer 80

silica

Question 81

what are the most abundant groups of seedless vascular plants?

Answer 81

ferns

Question 82

Ferns are mostly ____sporpous

Answer 82

homo

Question 83

Pterophyta have rhizomes. T or F?

Answer 83

T

Question 84

What are rhizomes?

Answer 84

underground stems that emerge

Question 85

Sporangia are clustered in group called ______ in ferns

Answer 85

sori

Question 86

In ferns, both the sporophyte and gametophyte are __________

Answer 86

photosynthetic

Question 87

In the fern life cycle the _______ is dominant

Answer 87

sporophyte

Question 88

The leaves of ferns are called _______ and emerge from ________

Answer 88

fronds, fiddleheads