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Biology II > Chapter 52-The Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 52-The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Immonolgical tolerance

A

the bodys defenses must learn to recognize our own healthy normal cells, tissues and organs not not respond to these

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2
Q

Human pathogenic microorganisms

A

microorganisms that can cause disease in humans

-includes many viruses, some prokaryotes, and a few fungi, protozoa and worms

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3
Q

strict obligate pathogeninc

A

microorganism that when present in/on the body in sufficient dose in proper place will cause the disease associated with in most people (ie ebola virus, influenza virus, etc)

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4
Q

Infectious disease

A

a disease whose ultimate cause is due to a pathogenic microorganism

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5
Q

steps of pathogenesis

A
  1. exposure-pathogen must come from somehwere and arrive at a certain place in your body in sufficient dose
  2. Microorganism must move from portal of entry to place where it can replicate well (invasion)
  3. Microbial replication-when the microbe replicates the signs and symptoms of a disease first become noticeable and also when the bodys defenses become most apparent
  4. the bodys defenses are fully activated-object to kill the pathogen and prevent it from spreading
  5. exit of pathogen from host
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6
Q

Non specific defenses

A

present at birth and do not improve much with age

  • general recognition of invading pathogens
  • first response to exposure
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7
Q

Non specific defenses (types)

A
  1. Barriers-at body surfaces (portals of entry)
    - -try to prevent pathogen from getting from the portal to site of replication
    - -barriers=physical (our own cells and microbial flora), mechanical (tearing, blinking, sweating, urination), and biochemical (salt in sweat, stomach acid, fatty acids in sebum)
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8
Q

Specific defenses

A 
adaptive or acquired immunity
-develops over time
-second line defenses, slower response but highly specific
-involves cells and antibodys
responsible for immunity
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9
Q

Skin

A

barrier

  • largest organ of body
  • provides nearly impenetrable barrier
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10
Q

3 other routes of infection

A

digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts-barriers

-all three lined by epithelial cells, secrete mucus which traps microbes

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11
Q

Non specific (innate) defenses (internal)

A
  • Phagocytic cells-neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells
  • inflamation
  • fever
  • complement proteins
  • interferon
  • various proteins
  • coughing, sneezing
  • vomiting, diarrhea
  • natural killer cells
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12
Q

3 kinds of defending leukocytes (innate immunity)

A

1, macrophages-kill microorganisms through phagocytosis

  1. neutrophils-most abundant circulating leukocyte
    - also use phgocytosis
  2. natural killer cells
    - do not attack invading cells directly
    - induce apoptosis in target cell
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13
Q

Inflammatory response

A

marshalls bodys defenses at site of infection

  • injured cells release chemical alarms
  • cause nearby blood vessels to dilate and increase in permeability
  • promote phagocyte accumulation
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14
Q

fever

A

elevated body temperature

  • macrophages release interleukin-1
  • causes hypothalamus to raise body temp
  • promotes activity of phagocytes, while impeding microbial growth
  • however, high fevers can denature proteins-dangerous
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15
Q

complement system

A

consists of about 30 different proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form

  • becomes activated
  • proteins aggregate to form a membrane attach complex (MAC) on surface of pathogen
  • pathogen swells and bursts
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16
Q

antigens

A

molecule that provokes a specific immune response

-all molecules are antigens, but classified differently

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17
Q

self antigen

A

personas normal molecules in/on his cells

18
Q

non-self antigens

A

molecules from anything else-microorganisms, cat hair, pollen, etc.

19
Q

altered self antigens

A

tumors

20
Q

epitopes

A

[art of antigen that is recognized as foreign by the specific defenses

21
Q

epitopes are recognized by what

A

specific receptor proteins on the surface of the cells of the adaptive immune response

  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
22
Q

Specific defenses are characterized by what?

A
  1. specificity of recognition of epitopes on antigens on microorganisms
  2. wide diversity of antigens can be specifically recognized by different B and T lymphocytes
  3. Memory, where the immune system can respond more quickly to an antigen it has already encountered
  4. ability to distinguish self-antigens from non-self and altered self
23
Q

The specific immune response

A
  1. recognition of foreign epitope on pathogen by B lymphocyte and/or T lymphocyte
  2. activation of those lymphocytes that confer protection against the pathogen
  3. effect:
    - B lymphocytes become plasma cells and secrete antibodyy
    - cytotoxic T cells attack intracellularly infected host cells and cancer cells
24
Q

Humoral adaptive immunity

A

B lymphocytes or B cells with the help of other cells respond to antigens by secreting antibodies that bind to pathogens antigens

25
Q

Cell-Mediated adaptive immunity

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes or T cells with the help of other cells directly attack infected host cells or cancer cells
-if memory B and T cells form, immunity results

26
Q

Immune recognition

A

receptors on lymphocytes bind specifically to epitopes on antigens on microorganisms

27
Q

Active immunity

A

results form activation of an individuals own lymphocytes

-pathogen infection or vaccination

28
Q

passive immunity

A

results from obtaining another individuals antibodies

  • transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta
  • antiserum with antibodies
29
Q

Organs of the immune system

A

Primary Lymphoid organs

  • bone marrow and thymus, locations where the B and t cells mature before being sent to secondary lymphoid tissues
  • Secondary lymphoid organs-where lymphocytes come in contact with antigens
  • -lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
30
Q

Primary Lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow is site of B cell maturation
-thymus is site of T cell maturation
recognize epitopes only if they are combined with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) peptides

31
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A
  • Locations of these organs promote the filtering of antigens that enter any part of an individual’s body
  • mature but naive B and T cells become activated in the lymph nodes
  • spleen is site of immune responses to antigens found mainly in the blood
  • MALT tissue include the tonsils and appendix
32
Q

T lymphocutes

A

2 types

  • cytotoxic T cells-kills infected host cels and cancer cells
  • Helper T cells-helps B cells and cytotoxic T cells become activated
33
Q

How cytotoxic T cells work

A
  • recognize foreign peptides bound to self-MHC class 1 proteins
  • clonal expansion and differentiate into activated cells and memory cells
  • activated cells induce apoptosis in cells wtih same specificity as first cell and results in death of infected cell
34
Q

How helper T cells work

A

respond to antigen that is taken up by an antigen presenting cell

  • antigen complexed with MHC class 2 proteins
  • activated T helper cells give rise to effector cells and memory cells
35
Q

Humoral immunity begins..

A

begins when naive B cells in secondary lymph organs meet antigens
-B cells are activated when their surface lgs bind to a specific epitope on an antigen
Activation results in clonal expansion and differentiation into plasma and memory cells
-plasma cells produce soluble antibodies against the same epitope

36
Q

5 classes of immunoglobulins

A
  1. lgM-first antibody secreted, promotes agglutination reaction and activates complemet
  2. lgD-present only on surfaces of B cells, serves as antigen receptor
  3. lgG-major antibody secreted during the secondary response, neutralizes antigens and promots their phagocytosis
  4. lgA-most abundant antibody
  5. lgE-binds to mast cells and basophils, allergens bind to it and it triggers allergic reaction
37
Q

Primary immune response

A

first encounter with a foreign anitgen

  • only few B or T cells can recognize antigen
  • clonal expansion occurs, memory cells
38
Q

Secondary immune response

A

secondary ecounter

-large clone of memory cells that can recognize the antigen

39
Q

Allergy

A

refers to a greatly heightened response to a foreign antigen, or allergen (not on a pathogen)

  • most common type is known as immediate hypersensitivity
  • results from excessive lgE production
40
Q

Blood type

A

Determined by antigens found on the surface of red blood cells
-ABO blood types-types A, B AB, and O
Immune system is tolerant of own RBC antigens
–ex. people with type A blood make antibodies against the type B antigen

41
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

caused by the failure of immune tolerance

  • result in activation of autoreactive T cells, and production of autoantibodies by B cells
  • cause inflamation and organ damage
42
Q

How do some pathogens evade the immune system

A

alter their surface antigens to avoid detection

Biology II (28 decks)

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