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Biology II > Chapter 43-The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 43-The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

4 levels of organization of vertebrate body

A
  1. cells
  2. tissues
  3. organs
  4. organ systems
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2
Q

Tissues

A

groups of similar or identical cells attached to each other in some manner that perform one or more functions

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3
Q

Germ layers

A

3 fundamental embryonic tissues

  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
  • ectoderm
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4
Q

4 main tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective (many types)
  3. Muscle (3 types)
  4. Muscle tissue
  5. others
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5
Q

ORgans

A

discrete body structure composed of several different tissues that performs one or more functions

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6
Q

Organ systems

A

Groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body

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7
Q

2 main body cavities

A

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral Body cavity

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8
Q

Dorsal Body cavity

A

forms within skull and vertebrae

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9
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

Bound by rib cage and vertebral column

  • Divided by diaphragm into
  • -thoracic cavity-heart and lungs
  • –Pericardial cavity-around heart
  • –Pleural cavity-around lungs
  • -Abdominopelvic cavity-most organs
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10
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Tissue composed of epithelial cells; epithelial tissues cover the outer body surface and line most of the inner body cavities/spaces/surfaces and lumens of tubes (blood vessels)

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11
Q

Functions of Epithelial cells

A

protection, absorption, secretion, sensation,

possess remarkable regenerative powers

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12
Q

3 types of Epithelial cells

A
  1. Squamous-flattened cells; thin, allow easy diffusion
  2. Cuboidal-cube shaped, absorption and secretion
  3. Columnar-taller than they are wide, absorption, sensation
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13
Q

2 general classes of Epithelial cells

A

simple epithelial-one layer thick

stratified epithelial-several layers thick

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14
Q

Basal Membrane

A

attaches epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissues

  • simple epithelial cells all attach to it’
  • stratified epithelial tissues, only bottom cells attach
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15
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A
  • lines lungs and blood capillaries

- delicate nature permits diffusion

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16
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

-lines kidney tubules and several glands

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17
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A
  • lines airways of respiratory tract and most of the gastrointestinal tract
  • contains goblet cells-secrete mucus
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18
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Conneced to epithelium by a duct

-sweat, sebaceous, and slivary glands

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19
Q

Endocrine glands

A
  • Ductless-lost during development

- Secretions (hormones) enter circulation and then travel to target

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20
Q

What types of Epithelial cells are in the epidermis (skin)

A

stratified cuboidal and squamous

21
Q

Functions of Connective tissue

A

Connect/hold together, support, protect

22
Q

2 classes of connective tissue

A
  • connective tissue proper
  • -loose or dense, adipose
  • special connective tissue
  • -cartilage, bone, and blood
23
Q

Cell types in connective tissue

A
  1. fibroblasts- in many types, fiber making cells
  2. Chondroblasts/Chondrocytes-in cartilage
  3. Osteoblasts/Osteocytes-in bone
  4. Adipose cells-adipose tissue
  5. Erythrryocytes, Leukocytes-blood
  6. Mast cells-in several connective tissues
  7. Suffix Blast=tissue making cell
  8. Suffix Cyte-tissue maintaining cell
24
Q

3 main types of matrix fibers

A

collagen
elastic
reticular fibers

25
Q

what are connective tissues made of

A

cells

extracellular matrix-made of protein fibers

26
Q

Collagen Matrix Fiber

A

tough, adds strength, made of collagen protein, not elastic but somewhat flexible, most abundant protein fiber

27
Q

Elastic Matrix Fiber

A

elastic, found in connective tissues that must stretch (blood vessels, lungs), composed of elastin protein

28
Q

Reticular Matrix Fibers

A

Forms meshwork around organs, holds them together

29
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

most widely distributed around body

  • cells scattered within a matrix that contains a large amount of ground substance
  • strengthened by protein ifbers
30
Q

Adipose tissue cells

A

fat cells

  • also occur in loose connective tissue
  • develop in large groups in certain areas, forming adipose tissue
31
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

-contains less ground substance than loose connective tissue, and more collagen.

32
Q

cartilage

A

special connective tissue

-firm but flexible, support and protection

33
Q

Muscle Tissue (3 kinds)

A
  • function is contraction
  • smooth-involuntary control
  • skeletal-striated muscle, voluntary control
  • cardiac-striated muscle, involuntary control
34
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • found in walls of blood vessels (controls dilation/constriction) and visceral organs (digestive and respiratory tract)
  • single nucleus, spindle shaped
35
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • usually attached to bone by tendons, so muscle contraction causes bones to move
  • Muscle fibers (cells) are multinucleated
  • contraction by myofibrils (actin and myosin filaments)
36
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Hearts myocardium

  • made of smaller, interconnected cells
  • single nucleus
37
Q

3 parts of neurons

A
  • Cell body-contains the nucleus
  • dendrites-highly branched extensions (conduct electrical impulses toward the cell body)
  • Axon-single cytoplasmic extension; conducts impulses away form the cell body
38
Q

Neuroglia

A

support cells for neurons

  • support and insulate neurons and eliminate wastes/foreign materials in and around neurons
  • form myelin sheath with axon
39
Q

2 divisions of the nervous system

A
  • Central nervous system: brain and spinal chord, integration and interpretation of input
  • Peripheral nervous sytem: nerves and ganglia (collections of cell bodies), communication of signal to and from the CNS to the rest of the body
40
Q

Communication and integration in Organ Systems

A

Three organ systems detect external stimuli and coordinate the bodys responses
-Nervous, sensory, and endocrine systems

41
Q

Support and Movement in the Organ Systems

A

Musculoskeletal systems consists of two interrelated organ systems

42
Q

Regulatory and Maintenance in the Organ Systems

A

Four organ systems regulate and maintain the bodys chemistry

-Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, and Urinary systems

43
Q

Defense in the Organ Systems

A

The body defends itself

-integumentary and immune systems

44
Q

Reproduction and Development

A

The biological continuity of vertebrates

-in Females, the system also nurtures the developing embryo and fetus

45
Q

Homeostasis

A

the dynamic constancy of the internal environment is called homeostasis

46
Q

Negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis

A
  • changing conditions are detected by sensors
  • info is fed to an integrating center (brain, spinal chord, endocrine gland)
  • compares conditions to a set point
  • if conditions deviate too far form a set point, biochemical reaction are initiated to change conditions back toward the set poin
47
Q

Endothermic

A

Mammals and birds

  • maintain and relatively constant body temperature independent of the environment temperature
  • changes in temp are detected by hypothalamus in brain
48
Q

antagonistic effectors

A

control internal factors

  • have push-pull action
  • increasing activity of one effector is accompanied by decrease in the other
  • involved in the control of body temp
49
Q

Hypothalamus in temp control

A

high temp-promotes heat dissipation via sweating and dilation of blood vessels in skin
-low temp, promotes heat conservation via shivering and constriction of blood vessels in skin

Biology II (28 decks)

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