Chapter 43-The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation Flashcards
4 levels of organization of vertebrate body
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- organ systems
Tissues
groups of similar or identical cells attached to each other in some manner that perform one or more functions
Germ layers
3 fundamental embryonic tissues
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
4 main tissue types
- Epithelial
- Connective (many types)
- Muscle (3 types)
- Muscle tissue
- others
ORgans
discrete body structure composed of several different tissues that performs one or more functions
Organ systems
Groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body
2 main body cavities
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral Body cavity
Dorsal Body cavity
forms within skull and vertebrae
Ventral body cavity
Bound by rib cage and vertebral column
- Divided by diaphragm into
- -thoracic cavity-heart and lungs
- –Pericardial cavity-around heart
- –Pleural cavity-around lungs
- -Abdominopelvic cavity-most organs
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue composed of epithelial cells; epithelial tissues cover the outer body surface and line most of the inner body cavities/spaces/surfaces and lumens of tubes (blood vessels)
Functions of Epithelial cells
protection, absorption, secretion, sensation,
possess remarkable regenerative powers
3 types of Epithelial cells
- Squamous-flattened cells; thin, allow easy diffusion
- Cuboidal-cube shaped, absorption and secretion
- Columnar-taller than they are wide, absorption, sensation
2 general classes of Epithelial cells
simple epithelial-one layer thick
stratified epithelial-several layers thick
Basal Membrane
attaches epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissues
- simple epithelial cells all attach to it’
- stratified epithelial tissues, only bottom cells attach
simple squamous epithelium
- lines lungs and blood capillaries
- delicate nature permits diffusion
Simple cuboidal epithelium
-lines kidney tubules and several glands
simple columnar epithelium
- lines airways of respiratory tract and most of the gastrointestinal tract
- contains goblet cells-secrete mucus
Exocrine glands
Conneced to epithelium by a duct
-sweat, sebaceous, and slivary glands
Endocrine glands
- Ductless-lost during development
- Secretions (hormones) enter circulation and then travel to target
What types of Epithelial cells are in the epidermis (skin)
stratified cuboidal and squamous
Functions of Connective tissue
Connect/hold together, support, protect
2 classes of connective tissue
- connective tissue proper
- -loose or dense, adipose
- special connective tissue
- -cartilage, bone, and blood
Cell types in connective tissue
- fibroblasts- in many types, fiber making cells
- Chondroblasts/Chondrocytes-in cartilage
- Osteoblasts/Osteocytes-in bone
- Adipose cells-adipose tissue
- Erythrryocytes, Leukocytes-blood
- Mast cells-in several connective tissues
- Suffix Blast=tissue making cell
- Suffix Cyte-tissue maintaining cell
3 main types of matrix fibers
collagen
elastic
reticular fibers
what are connective tissues made of
cells
extracellular matrix-made of protein fibers
Collagen Matrix Fiber
tough, adds strength, made of collagen protein, not elastic but somewhat flexible, most abundant protein fiber
Elastic Matrix Fiber
elastic, found in connective tissues that must stretch (blood vessels, lungs), composed of elastin protein
Reticular Matrix Fibers
Forms meshwork around organs, holds them together
Loose Connective Tissue
most widely distributed around body
- cells scattered within a matrix that contains a large amount of ground substance
- strengthened by protein ifbers
Adipose tissue cells
fat cells
- also occur in loose connective tissue
- develop in large groups in certain areas, forming adipose tissue
Dense connective tissue
-contains less ground substance than loose connective tissue, and more collagen.
cartilage
special connective tissue
-firm but flexible, support and protection
Muscle Tissue (3 kinds)
- function is contraction
- smooth-involuntary control
- skeletal-striated muscle, voluntary control
- cardiac-striated muscle, involuntary control
Smooth Muscle
- found in walls of blood vessels (controls dilation/constriction) and visceral organs (digestive and respiratory tract)
- single nucleus, spindle shaped
Skeletal Muscle
- usually attached to bone by tendons, so muscle contraction causes bones to move
- Muscle fibers (cells) are multinucleated
- contraction by myofibrils (actin and myosin filaments)
Cardiac Muscle
Hearts myocardium
- made of smaller, interconnected cells
- single nucleus
3 parts of neurons
- Cell body-contains the nucleus
- dendrites-highly branched extensions (conduct electrical impulses toward the cell body)
- Axon-single cytoplasmic extension; conducts impulses away form the cell body
Neuroglia
support cells for neurons
- support and insulate neurons and eliminate wastes/foreign materials in and around neurons
- form myelin sheath with axon
2 divisions of the nervous system
- Central nervous system: brain and spinal chord, integration and interpretation of input
- Peripheral nervous sytem: nerves and ganglia (collections of cell bodies), communication of signal to and from the CNS to the rest of the body
Communication and integration in Organ Systems
Three organ systems detect external stimuli and coordinate the bodys responses
-Nervous, sensory, and endocrine systems
Support and Movement in the Organ Systems
Musculoskeletal systems consists of two interrelated organ systems
Regulatory and Maintenance in the Organ Systems
Four organ systems regulate and maintain the bodys chemistry
-Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, and Urinary systems
Defense in the Organ Systems
The body defends itself
-integumentary and immune systems
Reproduction and Development
The biological continuity of vertebrates
-in Females, the system also nurtures the developing embryo and fetus
Homeostasis
the dynamic constancy of the internal environment is called homeostasis
Negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis
- changing conditions are detected by sensors
- info is fed to an integrating center (brain, spinal chord, endocrine gland)
- compares conditions to a set point
- if conditions deviate too far form a set point, biochemical reaction are initiated to change conditions back toward the set poin
Endothermic
Mammals and birds
- maintain and relatively constant body temperature independent of the environment temperature
- changes in temp are detected by hypothalamus in brain
antagonistic effectors
control internal factors
- have push-pull action
- increasing activity of one effector is accompanied by decrease in the other
- involved in the control of body temp
Hypothalamus in temp control
high temp-promotes heat dissipation via sweating and dilation of blood vessels in skin
-low temp, promotes heat conservation via shivering and constriction of blood vessels in skin
