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Biology II > Chapter 45- Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 45- Sensory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory Receptors overview

A

provide information from internal and external environments

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2
Q

exteroceptors

A

sense external stimuli

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3
Q

interoceptors

A

sense internal stimuli

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4
Q

3 classes of Receptors

A
  1. mechanoreceptors
  2. chemoreceptors
  3. electromagnetic receptors
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5
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

stimulated by mechanical forces such as pressure

  • receptors in skin
  • respond to stimuli at border btwn internal and external envir.
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6
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals or chemical changes

-ex. smell, taste

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7
Q

Electromagnetic receptors

A

react to heat and light energy

-ie. vision, heat

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8
Q

4 step process of CNS perceivance

A
  1. Stimulation-of sensory receptor cells
  2. transduction-in sensory receptor cells
  3. Transmission-along one or more sensory neurons
  4. interpretation-in CNS
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9
Q

Receptor potential

A
  • sensory cells respond to stimuli via stimulus-gated ion channels in membrane
  • if stimulus is of sufficient magnitude, a depolarization of the receptor cell occurs
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10
Q

Nociceptors

A
  • mechanoreceptor
  • transmit impulses perceived as pain
  • most consist of free nerve endings located throughout body, especially surface
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11
Q

Thermoreceptors

A
  • mechanoreceptor
  • naked dendritic endings of sensory neurons that are sensitive to changes in temp.
  • cold receptors located higher in skin
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12
Q

2 types of mechanoreceptors that respond to touch

A
  • phasic-intermittently activated, hair follicles

- tonic-continuously activated

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13
Q

Proprioreceptors

A
  • monitor muscle length and tension

- provide info about relative position or movement of animals body parts

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14
Q

Baroreceptors

A
  • monitor blood pressure
  • located at carotid sinus and aortic arch
  • detect tension or stretch in the walls of these blood vessels
  • when blood pressure decreases the frequency of barometric impulses decreases
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15
Q

Hearing (what is it)

A
  • detection of soundwaves
  • sound is the result of vibration traveling through a medium
  • detection is possible through action of specialized mechanoreceptors in inner ear
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16
Q

lateral line system in fish

A
  • consists of hair cells within longitudinal canal in the fishs skin
  • hair cells are innervated by sensory neurons that transmit impulses to brain
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17
Q

How does vertebrate hearing occur

A
  • tympanic membrane vibrates causing movement in malleus, incus, and stapes
  • stapes vibrates against oval window
  • pressure waves vibrate through cochlea
  • depolarizes hair cells which send action potentials to brain
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18
Q

Echolocation

A
  • mammals that can perceive presence and distance of objects by sound
  • bats, shrews, whales, dolphins
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19
Q

Statocyst

A

invertebrates use this to orient themselves with respect to gravity

20
Q

Utricle and Saccule

A

gravity receptors in vertebrates consisting of two chambers (as mentioned) in the membranous labyrinth

  • utricle is more sensitive to horizontal acceleration
  • saccule is more sensitive to vertical acceleration
21
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A
  • saccule, utricle and semicircular canals

- together they detect gravity changes

22
Q

Chemoreceptors

A
  • bind to particular chemicals in the extracellular fluid
  • membrane of sensory neuron becomes depolarized and produces action potentials
  • used in the senses of taste and smell
  • important in monitoring chemical composition of blood
23
Q

Gustation

A
  • Taste
  • mixture of physical and psychological factors
  • taste buds are collections of chemosensitive cells associated with afferent neurons
24
Q

5 categories of taste

A
  • sweet
  • sour
  • salty
  • bitter
  • umami (hearty)
25
Q

Olfaction

A
  • involves neurons located in upper portion of nasal passages
  • receptors project into nasal mucosa, and their axons project directly into the cerebral cortex
  • particles must first dissolve into extracellular fluid before they can activate the olfactory receptors
26
Q

Vision

A
  • begins with capture of light by photoreceptors

- used to determine both direction and distance of object

27
Q

Flatworm eyes

A

-can perceive direction of light but no visual image

28
Q

what 4 phyla have well developed image forming eyes

A
  • annelids
  • mollusks
  • arthropods
  • chordates
29
Q

Sclera

A

white portion of the eye, formed of tough connective tissue

30
Q

Cornea

A

-transparent portion through which light enters, begins to focus light

31
Q

Iris

A

colored portion of the eye

-contraction of the iris muscles in bright light decreases the size of its opening, the pupil

32
Q

Lens

A

transparent structure that completes focusing of light onto the retina

33
Q

Near vs. Far vision

A
  • lens is attached to ciliary muscles, changes shape of lens
  • near vision=ciliary muscles contract-more bending of light
  • far vision=ciliary muscles relax-less light bending
34
Q

Rods

A
  • on retina

- responsible for black and white vision when illumination is dim

35
Q

Cones

A
  • on retina
  • responsible for color vision and high visual acuity
  • momst are located in central region of retina known as focea
36
Q

Basic structure of rods and cones

A
  • inner segment rich in mitochondria and vesicles filled with neurotransmitter molecules
  • packed with hundreds of flattened disks which contain photopigments
37
Q

Photopigment in rods

A

rhodopsin

38
Q

Photopigment in cones

A

photopsins

-3 kinds of cones

39
Q

3 layers of retina

A
  1. external layer contains rods and cones
  2. middle layer contain bipolar cells
  3. layer closest to eye cavity contains ganglion cells
    - -photoreceptors activate bipolar cells which activate ganglion cells which transmit impulses to brain via optic nerve
40
Q

What happens to eyes in the dark

A
  • photoreceptor cells release an inhibitory neurotransmitter that hyperpolarizes the bipolar neurons
  • prevents the bipolar neurons from releasing excitatory neurotransmitter to the ganglion cells that signal to the brain
41
Q

What happens to eyes in the light

A
  • photoreceptor cells stop releasing their inhibitory neurotransmitter, in efect, stimulating bipolar cells
  • bipolar cells in turn stimulate the ganglion cells, which transmit action potentials to the brain
42
Q

Visual Processing

A
  • action potentials in the optic nerves are relayed from the retina to the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
  • then projected to the occipital lobes of cerebral cortex
43
Q

Color blindness

A
  • lack of one or more types of cones
  • sex linked recessive trait
  • people with normal vision are trichomats
44
Q

Binocular vision

A
  • primates and most predators have 3 eyes on each side of face
  • 2 fields of vision overlap (binocular vision)
  • prey have eyes on both sides of head
45
Q

Detection of electrical currents

A

-elasmobranches (sharks, rays, skates) have electroreceptors called ampullae of lorenzini that sense electrical currents generated by muscle contractions of prey

46
Q

Detection of Magnetic fields

A

-eels, sharks, bees and many birds appear to navigate along the magnetic field lines of earth

Biology II (28 decks)

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