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Biology II > Chapter 30- Overview of Green Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 30- Overview of Green Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a plant?

A

A multicellular, eukaryotic, terrestrial, photoautotroph

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2
Q

Land plants shared a common ancestor with what?

A

Green Algae

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3
Q

2 clades of green algae

A

Chlorophytes-never made it to land

Charophytes-sister to all land plants

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4
Q

Name a common Chlorophyte

A

Volvox

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5
Q

What are chlorophytes

A

Unicellular green alae

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6
Q

Describe a few characteristics of volvox

A

Cells have 2 flagella

-asexual or sexual reproduction

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7
Q

What does haplodiplontic mean

A

alteration of generations between haploid and diploid stages

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8
Q

Plant adaptations for terrestrial life

A

Waxy cuticle and stomata

  • water and other material movement using tracheids
  • Shift to dominant diploid generation b/c of uv radiation
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9
Q

What are tracheophytes

A

They are plants that have tracheids

-Tracheids-xylem and phloem

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10
Q

Moss generation size?

A

Large gametophyte

Small, Dependent spororphyte

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11
Q

Angiosperm generation size?

A

Small, dependent gametophyte

Large sporophyte

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12
Q

Non vascular plants include what Phyla

A

Bryophyta-mosses
Hepaticophyta-Liverworts
Anthocerotophyta-Hornworts

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13
Q

Seedless vascular plants are what clade?

A

Pterophytes

  • ferns
  • whisk ferns
  • horsetails
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14
Q

Seed plants are what clade?

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

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15
Q

What are the main dispersal means of non seed plants?

A

Spores

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16
Q

What defines a Gymnosperm

A

A plant that produces seeds in a cone or at the tip of branches

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17
Q

What defines an Angiosperm

A

A plant that produces seeds that form in fruits

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18
Q

Describe a Nontracheophytic plant

A

Live in moist environments or close to water

  • tend to be small
  • Mycorrhizal associations important in enhancing water uptake
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19
Q

Are gametophytes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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20
Q

Are sporophytes haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

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21
Q

What do Nontracheophyte plants require for fertilization

A

water for sexual reproduction

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22
Q

Mosses are in what phylum

A

Bryophyta

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23
Q

What does the gametophyte generation of Mosses look like

A

Small, leaflike structures around a stemlike axis

-not true leaves-no vascular tissue

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24
Q

What anchors mosses to their substrate?

A

Rhizoids

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25
Q

What are the two types of gametangia in mosses

A

Archegonia and Antheridia

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26
Q

What are Archegonia

A

Female gametangia in Bryophytes-produces one egg (ovum)

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27
Q

What are antheridia

A

Male gametangia-produce many sperm

-flagellated sperm must swim in water

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28
Q

Liverworts are what phylum?

A

Hepaticophyta

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29
Q

What defines Liverworts?

A

Look like mosses

-form gametangia in umbrella shaped structures

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30
Q

What makes Hornworts special

A

Sporophyte in photosynthetic

  • cells have a single large chloroplast
  • gametophyte is still dominant
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31
Q

Xylem does what?

A

Conducts water and dissolved upward from the roots

32
Q

Phloem does what?

A

Conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant

33
Q

What are 3 unique tracheophyte structures besides tracheids

A

Stems-support leaves and reproductive structures
Leaves-Increade surface area for photosynthesis
Roots-Provide transport and support

34
Q

What defines Lycophytes?

A

Club mosses

  • lack seeds (evergreens)
  • Superficially resemble true mosses but the sporophyte is dominant
35
Q

Besides mosses, what forms archegonia and antheridia

A

Pterophytes

36
Q

What do Pterophytes require for Sexual reproduction?

A

Water for their flagellated sperm

37
Q

What is the most abundant group for seedless vascular plants?

A

Ferns

38
Q

What is the frond of a fern used for

A

Photosynthesis occurs here

39
Q

What is a sorus?

A

a cluster of sporangia on the underside of certain fronds in ferns.

40
Q

How are gametophytes formed from fern sporophytes?

A

2N spore mother cells within sporangium undergo meiosis to form 1N spores

41
Q

Where do the antheridia and archegonia of ferns form?

A

In the prothalus, which is a product of mitosis of the 1N gametophyte spores

42
Q

Describe some characteristics of Whisk Ferns

A

Found in tropics

-sporophyte consists of forking green stems w/o true leaves or roots

43
Q

What is the defining characteristic of Horsetails

A

Sporophyte consists of ribbed, jointed photosynthetic stems.

44
Q

What did seed plants first evolve from?

A

Progymnosperms

45
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of seed plants?

A

Seed protects and provides food for embryo

  • Allows for waiting period for the conditions to be right
  • Fruits enhance dispersal
46
Q

All seeds have 3 of the following characteristics

A
  1. ) 2N multicellular, embryo plant
  2. )Nutritive tissue, food source before photosynthesis begins
  3. ) Tough, protective seed coat
47
Q

What is a seed

A

its the embryo, nutritive tissue and protective seed coat in one

48
Q

What does heterosporous mean?

A

having two kinds of sporangia; spore mother cells and spores

49
Q

What is the megasporangium?

A

It is the 2N female sporangium tissue. Divides by meitosis to produce 1N megaspores, which divide mitotically to produce egg that will combine with sperm to form zygote + tissues

50
Q

What is the Microsporangia?

A

The 2N male sporangium tissue-found in male cones or anther of flowers

51
Q

How do pollen grains form?

A

2N microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to form 1n Microspores, mitotic division makes 1N male gametophyte tissue-pollen grain

52
Q

What are the 4 living groups of Gymnosperms?

A

Coniferophyta

  • Cycadophyta
  • Gnetophyta
  • Ginkophyta
53
Q

What type of trees are conifers

A

Most familiar type
-pines, spruces, firs
Found in colder and drier regions of world

54
Q

What type of leaves do conifers have

A

Thin and needle like

-most are evergreen-dont shed thier leaves

55
Q

What does monoecious mean and what Phyla does it apply to

A

MEans separate male and female reproductive structures on the same tree (cones)
applies to conifers

56
Q

What makes conifer leaves special

A

Leaves have thick cuticle and recessed stomata to retard water loss

57
Q

What are Cycads

A
  • Slow growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions
  • resemble palm trees
58
Q

What are Gnetophytes

A

Only gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem

59
Q

What are Ginkophytes

A

Gymnosperm with one living species

Flagellated sperm

60
Q

What does Dioecious mean

A

Male and female reproductive structures form on different trees

61
Q

What defines angiosperms

A

Plants with flowers and fruits; heterosporous

Ovules are enclosed in diploid tissue at time of pollination

62
Q

What is a whorl

A

parts of a flower organized into circles

63
Q

What is a pedicel?

A

The stalk of a flower from which other parts attach

64
Q

What is the calyx?

A

Outermost whorl of a flower- made up of sepals (green leaves)

65
Q

What is the corolla?

A

the second whorl of the flower-made of petals

66
Q

What does the third whorl of a flower consist of

A

made up of the stamens

-each stamen has a pollen bearing anther and a filament

67
Q

What is the innermost whirl of a flower made up of?

A

Gynoecium

  • consists of one or more carpels (stigma, style, ovule, ovary wall)
  • female gametophyte
68
Q

What are the levels (from outer to inner) of flower whorls?

A

Calyx
corolla
third whirl (stamens)
Innermost whorl (female gametophyte)

69
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the carpel?

A
  1. ) ovary
  2. ) stigma
  3. ) style
70
Q

What is the ovary in a flower

A

swollen base of a flower containing one or more ovules (where fertilization and seed formation occurs)
-ovary develops into a fruit

71
Q

What is the stigma in a flower

A

The tip where pollen lands

72
Q

what is the style in a flower

A

The neck or stalk inside the flower

73
Q

How many megaspores does the mother cell produce in an angiosperm?

A

4 1N megaspores

  • 3 disappear
  • nucleus of remaining divides mitotically to produce 8 haploid nuclei
74
Q

Where does pollen production occur in angiosperms?

A

in the anthers

  • Diploid microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce 4 haploid microspores
  • binucleate microspores become pollen grains
75
Q

What do pollen grains develop into upon contact with flower

A

they develop into a pollen tube that is guided to the embryo sac
-One of the grains divides to produce 2 sperm cells

76
Q

what is double fertilization

A

1N sperm unites with 1N egg to form diploid 2N zygote
-develops into new sporophyte
Other 1N sperm unites with 2 polar 1N nuclei to make triploid 3N endosperm
-provides nutrients to embryo

Biology II (28 decks)

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