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Biology II > Chapter 30- Overview of Green Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 30- Overview of Green Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What is a plant?

A

A multicellular, eukaryotic, terrestrial, photoautotroph

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2
Q

Land plants shared a common ancestor with what?

A

Green Algae

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3
Q

2 clades of green algae

A

Chlorophytes-never made it to land

Charophytes-sister to all land plants

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4
Q

Name a common Chlorophyte

A

Volvox

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5
Q

What are chlorophytes

A

Unicellular green alae

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6
Q

Describe a few characteristics of volvox

A

Cells have 2 flagella

-asexual or sexual reproduction

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7
Q

What does haplodiplontic mean

A

alteration of generations between haploid and diploid stages

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8
Q

Plant adaptations for terrestrial life

A

Waxy cuticle and stomata

  • water and other material movement using tracheids
  • Shift to dominant diploid generation b/c of uv radiation
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9
Q

What are tracheophytes

A

They are plants that have tracheids

-Tracheids-xylem and phloem

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10
Q

Moss generation size?

A

Large gametophyte

Small, Dependent spororphyte

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11
Q

Angiosperm generation size?

A

Small, dependent gametophyte

Large sporophyte

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12
Q

Non vascular plants include what Phyla

A

Bryophyta-mosses
Hepaticophyta-Liverworts
Anthocerotophyta-Hornworts

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13
Q

Seedless vascular plants are what clade?

A

Pterophytes

  • ferns
  • whisk ferns
  • horsetails
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14
Q

Seed plants are what clade?

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

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15
Q

What are the main dispersal means of non seed plants?

A

Spores

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16
Q

What defines a Gymnosperm

A

A plant that produces seeds in a cone or at the tip of branches

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17
Q

What defines an Angiosperm

A

A plant that produces seeds that form in fruits

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18
Q

Describe a Nontracheophytic plant

A

Live in moist environments or close to water

  • tend to be small
  • Mycorrhizal associations important in enhancing water uptake
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19
Q

Are gametophytes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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20
Q

Are sporophytes haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

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21
Q

What do Nontracheophyte plants require for fertilization

A

water for sexual reproduction

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22
Q

Mosses are in what phylum

A

Bryophyta

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23
Q

What does the gametophyte generation of Mosses look like

A

Small, leaflike structures around a stemlike axis

-not true leaves-no vascular tissue

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24
Q

What anchors mosses to their substrate?

A

Rhizoids

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25
What are the two types of gametangia in mosses
Archegonia and Antheridia
26
What are Archegonia
Female gametangia in Bryophytes-produces one egg (ovum)
27
What are antheridia
Male gametangia-produce many sperm | -flagellated sperm must swim in water
28
Liverworts are what phylum?
Hepaticophyta
29
What defines Liverworts?
Look like mosses | -form gametangia in umbrella shaped structures
30
What makes Hornworts special
Sporophyte in photosynthetic - cells have a single large chloroplast - gametophyte is still dominant
31
Xylem does what?
Conducts water and dissolved upward from the roots
32
Phloem does what?
Conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant
33
What are 3 unique tracheophyte structures besides tracheids
Stems-support leaves and reproductive structures Leaves-Increade surface area for photosynthesis Roots-Provide transport and support
34
What defines Lycophytes?
Club mosses - lack seeds (evergreens) - Superficially resemble true mosses but the sporophyte is dominant
35
Besides mosses, what forms archegonia and antheridia
Pterophytes
36
What do Pterophytes require for Sexual reproduction?
Water for their flagellated sperm
37
What is the most abundant group for seedless vascular plants?
Ferns
38
What is the frond of a fern used for
Photosynthesis occurs here
39
What is a sorus?
a cluster of sporangia on the underside of certain fronds in ferns.
40
How are gametophytes formed from fern sporophytes?
2N spore mother cells within sporangium undergo meiosis to form 1N spores
41
Where do the antheridia and archegonia of ferns form?
In the prothalus, which is a product of mitosis of the 1N gametophyte spores
42
Describe some characteristics of Whisk Ferns
Found in tropics | -sporophyte consists of forking green stems w/o true leaves or roots
43
What is the defining characteristic of Horsetails
Sporophyte consists of ribbed, jointed photosynthetic stems.
44
What did seed plants first evolve from?
Progymnosperms
45
What is the evolutionary advantage of seed plants?
Seed protects and provides food for embryo - Allows for waiting period for the conditions to be right - Fruits enhance dispersal
46
All seeds have 3 of the following characteristics
1. ) 2N multicellular, embryo plant 2. )Nutritive tissue, food source before photosynthesis begins 3. ) Tough, protective seed coat
47
What is a seed
its the embryo, nutritive tissue and protective seed coat in one
48
What does heterosporous mean?
having two kinds of sporangia; spore mother cells and spores
49
What is the megasporangium?
It is the 2N female sporangium tissue. Divides by meitosis to produce 1N megaspores, which divide mitotically to produce egg that will combine with sperm to form zygote + tissues
50
What is the Microsporangia?
The 2N male sporangium tissue-found in male cones or anther of flowers
51
How do pollen grains form?
2N microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to form 1n Microspores, mitotic division makes 1N male gametophyte tissue-pollen grain
52
What are the 4 living groups of Gymnosperms?
Coniferophyta - Cycadophyta - Gnetophyta - Ginkophyta
53
What type of trees are conifers
Most familiar type -pines, spruces, firs Found in colder and drier regions of world
54
What type of leaves do conifers have
Thin and needle like | -most are evergreen-dont shed thier leaves
55
What does monoecious mean and what Phyla does it apply to
MEans separate male and female reproductive structures on the same tree (cones) applies to conifers
56
What makes conifer leaves special
Leaves have thick cuticle and recessed stomata to retard water loss
57
What are Cycads
- Slow growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions - resemble palm trees
58
What are Gnetophytes
Only gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem
59
What are Ginkophytes
Gymnosperm with one living species | Flagellated sperm
60
What does Dioecious mean
Male and female reproductive structures form on different trees
61
What defines angiosperms
Plants with flowers and fruits; heterosporous | Ovules are enclosed in diploid tissue at time of pollination
62
What is a whorl
parts of a flower organized into circles
63
What is a pedicel?
The stalk of a flower from which other parts attach
64
What is the calyx?
Outermost whorl of a flower- made up of sepals (green leaves)
65
What is the corolla?
the second whorl of the flower-made of petals
66
What does the third whorl of a flower consist of
made up of the stamens | -each stamen has a pollen bearing anther and a filament
67
What is the innermost whirl of a flower made up of?
Gynoecium - consists of one or more carpels (stigma, style, ovule, ovary wall) - female gametophyte
68
What are the levels (from outer to inner) of flower whorls?
Calyx corolla third whirl (stamens) Innermost whorl (female gametophyte)
69
What are the 3 major regions of the carpel?
1. ) ovary 2. ) stigma 3. ) style
70
What is the ovary in a flower
swollen base of a flower containing one or more ovules (where fertilization and seed formation occurs) -ovary develops into a fruit
71
What is the stigma in a flower
The tip where pollen lands
72
what is the style in a flower
The neck or stalk inside the flower
73
How many megaspores does the mother cell produce in an angiosperm?
4 1N megaspores - 3 disappear - nucleus of remaining divides mitotically to produce 8 haploid nuclei
74
Where does pollen production occur in angiosperms?
in the anthers - Diploid microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce 4 haploid microspores - binucleate microspores become pollen grains
75
What do pollen grains develop into upon contact with flower
they develop into a pollen tube that is guided to the embryo sac -One of the grains divides to produce 2 sperm cells
76
what is double fertilization
1N sperm unites with 1N egg to form diploid 2N zygote -develops into new sporophyte Other 1N sperm unites with 2 polar 1N nuclei to make triploid 3N endosperm -provides nutrients to embryo

Biology II (28 decks)

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