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Biology II > Chapter 31- Fungi > Flashcards

Chapter 31- Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Fungi

A

Eukaryotic, Chemoheterotrophs that absorb (rather than ingest) nutrients

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2
Q

What does chemoheterotrophic mean?

A

Organisms who use organic forms of carbon as both an energy source and carbon source

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3
Q

How many species of Fungi are there

A

as many as 1.5 million

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4
Q

Whats the largest organism on earth

A

A fungus

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5
Q

How much of the worlds biomass is fungi

A

25%-33%

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6
Q

How much do we depend on fungi

A

Make up about 1/2 composition on our planet

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7
Q

How do Fungi get food

A

Secrete enzymes on organic material

-Chemical digestion takes place outside of the fungus

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8
Q

What is a Saprobe/saprophyte

A

A fungus that digests dead organic material

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9
Q

Fungal cells are diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid-contain only 1 of each chromosome

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10
Q

What are fungal cell walls made of?

A

Mannan or Chitin

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11
Q

What are unicellular Fungal called

A

Yeasts

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12
Q

Mycelial fungi are what?

A

Multicellular fungi

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13
Q

Mycelial cells are what type/called what

A

They are elongated, fliamentous in shape; called hyphae

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14
Q

What are the two types of Hyphae

A

Coenocytic Hyphae-multinucleate hyphae (non septate hyphae)

Septate Hyphae-porous partitions called septa, separate nuclei and organelles

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15
Q

What is the Mycelium

A

Mass of fungal hyphae in multicellular fungus

-equivalent to fungal body

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of Asexual Reproduction

A
  1. ) Unicellular-Budding or Binary Fission
  2. )Fragmentation-Breaking off into two or more pieces
  3. )Spore Formation-Occurs at tips of specialized hyphae or within Sporangia
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17
Q

What are the most common means of reproduction among fungi

A

Spores

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18
Q

How do Asexual Spores Form

A

1N Spore Mother cells undergo mitotic cell division to produce 2, 1N asexual spores

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19
Q

What are the tips of hyphae called in Fungi Sexual Reproduction

A

Gametangia (1N)

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20
Q

What do Gametangia do

A

They are the tips of hyphae in Fungi that fuse with opposite mating types

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21
Q

What is Conjugation?

A

The process of gametangia growing towards each other and fusing

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22
Q

What is the zygote and what are the 2 types?

A

The zygote is the product of conjugation

  • can immediately be a diploid cell
  • can go through a dikaryon (1N + 1N) stage before parental nuclei form a diploid nucleus
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23
Q

How does the Fruiting body in Fungi form?

A

The diploid or dikaryon zygote undergoes mitosis to produce it.

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24
Q

What are the 7 Fungi phyla?

A
  1. ) Microsporidia
  2. )Blastocladiomycota
  3. )Neocallismastigamycota
  4. )Chytridiomycota
  5. )Glomeromycota
  6. )Basidiomycota
  7. )Ascomycota
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25
Q

Are fungi Monophyletic?

A

Yes

26
Q

Which phyla are animal parasites?

A

Microsporidia

27
Q

Do Microsporidia contain Mitochondria?

A

No

28
Q

A few characteristics of Chytridiomycota?

A

Aquatic, flagellated fungi
Motile zoospores
have been implicated in amphibian die off

29
Q

Which phylum is not monophyletic?

A

Zygomycota

30
Q

What are Zygomycetes?

A

Common bread molds, a few human pathogens, some plant pathogens, most are saprobes

31
Q

Which form of reproduction is most common in Zygomycetes?

A

Asexual-Sporangiophores have asexual 1N sporangia that release 1N spores

32
Q

Steps of Zygomycete Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Fusion of 1N gametangia at tips of hyphae
  • Haploid Nuclei fuse to form dikaryotic zygote nuclei
  • Develops into 2N zygosporangium in which zygospore develops
  • Meiosis occurs during germination of zygospore and it releases 1N zygospores
33
Q

What Phyla contains the largest percentage of Fungi?

A

Ascomycota-75%

34
Q

What type of fungi are in Phylum Ascomycota

A

Bread yeasts, common molds, cup fungi, truffles, and morels

35
Q

What Fungi phylum produces Penicillin?

A

Ascomycota

36
Q

What is the Phylum Ascomycota named for?

A

The ascus- a microscopic, saclike reproductive structure within the fruiting body

37
Q

What is an ascocarp

A

The fruiting body of an Ascomycete

38
Q

What type of Hyphae do Ascomycetes have?

A

Septate Hyphae

39
Q

What is Karyogamy

A

The fusion of 1N (dikaryotic) nuclei after conjugation

40
Q

What are conidia

A

Condidia appear in Ascomycetes

  • Allow for asexual reproduction
  • they are spore like structures formed at the ends of modified hyphae called conidiophores
41
Q

What Phyla are Yeasts in

A

They are unicellular ascomycetes

42
Q

How do Yeasts reprdouce

A

Asexually by budding

43
Q

What are Basidiomycetes

A

Phylum Basidiomycota

  • Most familiar fungi-mushrooms, toadstools, shelf fungi
  • most are saprobes
44
Q

What type of Hyphae do Basidiomycetes have

A

Septate

45
Q

What is the phylum Basidiomycota named for

A

The basidium-a club shaped sexual reproductive structure in basidiocarp
-karyogami occurs here to form spore mother cell

46
Q

How are basidiospores formed

A

Karyogami occurs within basidium to form 2N mother cell

-Meiosis follows and produces 4 1N products that become basidiospores

47
Q

What are Mushrooms (basidiocarps) made of

A

formed entirely of secondary mycelium

-formed from basidiospores after they make a primary mycelium

48
Q

What is another important role (besides decomposition) that fungi play

A

they recycle important elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous

49
Q

Obligate vs. Facultative symbiosis

A

Obligate-essential for fungus survival

Facultative-nonessential

50
Q

Parasites

A

Cause harm to hosts without causing disease

51
Q

What is a Lichen

A

Symbiotic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner
-cyanobacteria, green algae

52
Q

What Phyla makes up most of the Lichens

A

Ascomycota

53
Q

Benefits of Lichens

A

Protect their partners from strong light and desiccation

-play role in soil formation from rock

54
Q

Endophytic Fungi?

A

Live in intercellular spaces inside plants

  • some parasitic, some commensalistic
  • some protect their hosts from herbivores by producing toxins
55
Q

What are Mycorrhizae?

A

Mutualistic relationships between fungi and plants (with root system)
Found on 90% of all vascular plant roots

56
Q

Benefits of Mycorrhizae?

A

Increase soil contact and absorption for plant

57
Q

What are Ectomycorrhizae

A

Fungal root partners

  • most hosts are forest trees
  • Hyphae surround but do not penetrate the root cells
58
Q

What Phylum is associated with Ectomycorrhizae?

A

Basidiomycota

59
Q

What negative effects do Fungi have on plants

A

They can be parasitic or Pathogenic

-May secrete substances making food carcinogenic, unpalatable, or poisonous

60
Q

Why are fungul diseases difficult to treat

A

Because of the close phylogenetic relationship between fungi and animals

61
Q

4 Positive aspects of Fungi

A
  1. ) Decomposition
  2. )Food source
  3. )Source of antibiotics
  4. )Fermentation by yeasts

Biology II (28 decks)

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