Chapter 50-The Circulatory System

Question 1

Function of the Circulatory System

Answer 1

1. transport-gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, antimicrobial cells and proteins
2. Body defense against pathogenic microorgansims
3. Thermoregulation-helps regulate body tempurature
4. Osmoregulation-helps regulate body fluids

Question 2

Components of circulatory system

Answer 2

1. Heart
2. Blood vessels
3. Blood

Question 3

2 types of circulatory systems

Answer 3

closed-excpet for injury, whole blood does not leave blood vessels

Question 4

Open

Answer 4

at times, in certain places, whole blood leaves vessels and contacts tissue

Question 5

Blood

Answer 5

type of connective tissue composed

• fluid matrix called plasma
• formed elements (cells and cell fragments)

Question 6

Plasma proteins

Answer 6

• albumin (7%)
• Globulins (38%)
• fibrinogens (7%)

Question 7

Other solutes in blood

Answer 7

• electrolytes
• nutrients
• gases
• regulatory substances
• waste products

Question 8

Where do blood cells and cell fragments develop from

Answer 8

red bone marrow

Question 9

Hematopoeisis

Answer 9

blood cell production

• produces lymphoid stem cell-lymphocytes
• produces myeloid stem cell-all other blood cells

Question 10

Erythrocytes

Answer 10

red blood cells

Question 11

Hemaglobin

Answer 11

in red blood cells of vertebrates, binds to and transports oxygen and sometimes CO2

Question 12

Leukocytes

Answer 12

White blood cells

• larger than erythrocytes, have nuclei
• protect against foreign microorganisms and materials; protection against cancer

Question 13

Platelets

Answer 13

cell fragments that pinch off from larger cells in the one marrow
-function in the formation of blood clots

Question 14

Sponge circulatory system

Answer 14

circulate water using many incurrent pores and one excurrent one

Question 15

Hydra circulatory system

Answer 15

circulate water through a gastrovascular cavity (also for digestion)

Question 16

Nematode circulatory system

Answer 16

digestive tract can also be used as a circulatory system

Question 17

Invertebrate circulatory system

Answer 17

directly related to sixe, complexity, and lifestyle of the organism

Question 18

Hemolymph

Answer 18

in an open circulatory system, no distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid. Fluid-hemolymph

Question 19

fish have how many heart chambers

Answer 19

2

Question 20

amphibian circulatory system

Answer 20

double circulation (second pumping circuit)

• pulmonary and systemic circulation, similary to mammals
• 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
• additional oxygen through skin
• incomplete separation of systemic and pulmonary systems

Question 21

Vertebrate circulatory systems

Answer 21

Mammals, birds, and crocodilians

-4 chambered heart

Question 22

Right side of the vertebrate heart

Answer 22

reveices deoxygentated blood from the body and delivers it to the right venrtrivle, which pumps it to the lungs

Question 23

Left side of the vertebrate hearts

Answer 23

left atrium receives oxygentated blood form the lungs and delivers it to the left ventricle, which pumps it through aorta to rest of the body

Question 24

Edocardium

Answer 24

lines chambers, edothelial tissue mostly

Question 25

myocardium

Answer 25

middle, cardiac muscle layer

Question 26

epicardium

Answer 26

outside of heart, connnective tissue and other

Question 27

pericardium

Answer 27

tissue that surrounds heart for protection

Question 28

tricuspid valve

Answer 28

prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle into atria

Question 29

Bicuspid valve

Answer 29

prevents backflow from left ventricle into left atria

Question 30

Pulmonary (semilunar) valve

Answer 30

prevents backflow from pulmonary artery into right ventricle

Question 31

Aortic (semilunar) valve

Answer 31

prevents backflow from aorta into left ventricle

Question 32

Diastole

Answer 32

ventricles relaxed and filling

Question 33

systole

Answer 33

ventricles contracted and pumping

Question 34

Sinoatrial node (SA)

Answer 34

located in wall of right atrium | -SA node acts as pacemaker, initiates an action potential which will cause cardiac muscle to contract

Question 35

EKG

Answer 35

electrocardiogram | -measures hearts electrical activity

Question 36

arteries

Answer 36

carry oxygen rich blood to rest of body | -exception=pulmonary artery

Question 37

veins

Answer 37

carry oxygen depleted blood to lungs/heart | -exception=pulmonary veins

Question 38

steps of circulation

Answer 38

1. deoxygentated blood enters right atria through vena cavas 2. right atria pumps blood to right ventricle 3 right ventricle pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary artery 4. returned to left atria through pulmonary veins 5. oxygentated blood is then pumped to left ventricle, enters body through aorta

Question 39

blood pressure

Answer 39

force of blood/walls of blood vessels, written as a ratio of systolic over diastolic pressure

Question 40

systolic pressure

Answer 40

peeak pressure at which ventricles are contacting

Question 41

diastolic pressure

Answer 41

minimum pressure between heartbeats at which the ventricles are relaxed

Question 42

Normal blood pressure?

Answer 42

120 mm/75mm

Question 43

Hypertension

Answer 43

high blood pressure (diastole over 75 mm)

Question 44

hypotension

Answer 44

low blood pressure (diastole less than 70 mm)

Question 45

arteriols

Answer 45

smaller arteries entering organs and tissues and ending in capillaries

Question 46

venules

Answer 46

smaller veins leaving organs and tissues

Question 47

capillaries

Answer 47

smallest blood vessel, in tissues and organs

Question 48

4 basic tissue layers of arteries and veins

Answer 48

1. endothelium 2. elastic fibers 3. smooth muscle 4. connective tissue

Question 49

the lymphatic system

Answer 49

fluid that does not return to capillaries is returned to circulation by the lymphatic system -most fluid leaves at arteriole end of capillary and reutrns to venule end

Question 50

Lymphatic system consists of..

Answer 50

lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic organs (spleen and thymus)

Question 51

atherosclerosis

Answer 51

accumulation of fatty material within arteries, impedes blood flow

Question 52

autonomic nervous system in relation to heart

Answer 52

modulates heart rhythm and force of contraction

Question 53

Medulla oblongata in relation to heart

Answer 53

modulates heart rate - norepinephrine, from sympathetic neurons, increases heart rate - acetylcholine, from parasympathetic neurons, decreases heart rate