Chapter 5, Lesson 1 Flashcards
What are three characteristics seed plants share?
1) They have vascular tissue
2) They use pollen and seeds to reproduce
3) They all have roots stems and leaves
In seed plants, the plants you see are what stage? And the microscopic parts are what stage?
Plants that you see are the sporophyte stage. The gametophytes are microscopic.
What are two functions of vascular tissue in seed plants?
1) support for the plant
2) food, water, and nutrients are transported throughout the plant
What are the two types of vascular tissue?
Phloem and xylem
What is the vascular tissue through which food moves?
Phloem
What is the vascular tissue that water and minerals travel?
Xylem
What are tiny structures that contain cells that later become sperm cells?
Pollen
What is a structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering?
Seed
How do seeds develop?
Pollen delivers sperm cells near the eggs. The sperm fertilize the egg, and then the seeds develop.
What needs to happen for the seed to begin to grow?
A seed needs to land in an area where the conditions are favorable.
What are the three main parts of a seed?
Embryo, stored food, and seed coat
What is a zygote?
Fertilized egg
What is a young plant that develops from the fertilized egg?
Embryo
What are the seed leaves on the embryo called?
Cotyledons
True of false
In seeds, food is never stored in the cotyledons. It is only stored outside the embryo.
False. In some seeds, food is stored in the cotyledon.
What is the outer covering of a seed called?
Seed coat
What is the function of the seed coat?
The seed coat protects the embryo and keeps its food from drying out. It also allows the seed to remain inactive for a long time.
What is the scattering of seeds called?
Seed dispersal
What are four ways seeds are dispersed?
1) Animals
2) Water
3) Wind
4) Ejection
What is it called when the embryo begins to grow again and pushes out of the seed?
Germination
When does germination begin?
Germination begins when the seed absorbs water from the environment.
After the seed gets water, what does the embryo use to begin to grow?
Stored food
What grows first, the embryo’s roots or it’s stem and leaves?
Roots
Once you can see a plant’s leaves, what is the plant called?
Seedling
Why does a seed have a better chance of becoming a seedling if it is dispersed far from the parent plant?
Because then it doesn’t have to compete with its parent for light, water, and nutrients.
What are the three main functions of roots?
1) They anchored the plant in the ground
2) They absorb water and minerals from the soil
3) They sometimes store food
What are the two main types of root systems?
Fibrous root system and taproot system
Describe a fibrous root system and give an example
A fibrous root system consist of similarly sized roots that form a dense, tangled mass. An onion is an example.
Describe a taproot system and give an example
A taproot system has one long, thick main root with many smaller roots branching off of it. A dandelion is an example.
What protects the root from injury from rocks as the root grows through the soil?
The root cap
What is behind the root cap?
Cells that divide to form new root cells
Where do root hairs grow?
They grow out of the root’s surface
What do the root hairs do?
They absorb water and minerals and help anchor the plant in the soil.
What are the two main functions of stems?
1) They carry substances between the roots and leaves
2) They provide support and hold up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun.
What are the two types of a stems?
Herbaceous or woody
Describe a herbaceous stem and give an example?
Herbaceous stems contain no wood and are often soft. Coneflowers are an example
Describe a woody stem and give an example?
Woody stems are hard and rigid. Maple trees are an example
What is the outermost layer of a woody stem called?
Bark
What is include in bark?
Bark includes an outer protective layer and an inner layer of living phloem.
What is the next layer of cells in a woody stem after the living phloem?
Cambium
What produces new phloem and xylem I n a woody stem?
Cambium
What is the active xylem called for n a woody stem?
Sapwood
What is old, inactive xylem called in a woody stem?
Heartwood
What do annual rings represent and what are they made of?
Annual rings represent a tree’s annual growth. They are made of xylem.
Annual rings that are wide and light brown are formed when?
Spring
Annual rings that are thin and dark are formed when?
Summer
When looking at a pair of light and dark annual rings, what does this tell us?
One year of growth for the tree
What other information can annual rings tell us?
Past weather conditions
What important role do leaves play in a plant?
Leaves capture the sun’s energy and carry out the food making process of photosynthesis.
What are the small openings or pores on the surface of a leaf called?
Stomata
What do stomata do?
When the pores are open, carbon dioxide enters the leaf and oxygen and water vapor exit.
What is the waxy water proof coating of the leaf and what does it do?
Cuticle and it controls water loss.
What are tightly packed cells of the leaf and what do they do?
Upper leaf cells and they trap energy in sunlight.
What are the widely spaced cells of a leaf and what do they do?
Lower leaf cells and they allow for carbon dioxide to reach the cells for photosynthesis and oxygen to escape into the air.
Where are the chloroplasts located and why?
Chloroplasts are located near the leaf’s upper surface so they can get the most light.
How do the chloroplasts trap the sun’s energy?
Chlorophyll
What happens during photosynthesis?
Sugar and oxygen are produced from the carbon dioxide and water.
What is the process by which water evaporates from a plants leaves called?
Transpiration
How does a plant slow down transpiration?
Closing the stomata
