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Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experiences or practice. Expand behavior to include cognition, perception, emotion, regulation, physical skills, and more.

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2
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov
Learn by associations
Associate an innate (natural) response with a new stimulus
Example: experience joy (innate) with an “A” (new stimulus)

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3
Q

Operant conditioning

A

B.F. Skinner
Learn by reinforcements / punishment
Our behavior is shaped by the consequences of that behavior
Behavior → consequence of behavior → consequence is either:
a) reinforcing - encouraged to continue that behavior
b) punishing - unlikely to continue their behavior
Consequence is operant; hence operant conditioning
Example: touch hot stove (behavior) → pain (consequence) → punishing

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4
Q

Social learning theory

A

Albert Bandura
Combines classical and operant and adds modeling
Across a wide array of circumstances where one observes and models - greatest predictor of behavior both positive and negative
Example: in parenting, if I want my child to be neat, l have to be neat myself

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5
Q

Reflex

A

A behavior that is innate (natural)

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6
Q

Stimulus

A

Any object or event that cause that response

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7
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

An event or object
Food

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8
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Response to event or object
Salivation

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9
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

New event or object that elicits a response
Bell

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10
Q

Conditioned response

A

New response to a formerly neutral stimulus
Salivation

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11
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Stimulus that evokes no response

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12
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Similar stimuli evoke identical responses
Example: green left arrow and blinking green left arrow

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13
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Distinguish between similar stimuli
Example: red and green light

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14
Q

Extinctions

A

When a previously learned behavior disappears

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15
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

When a previously extinct behavior returns

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16
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

Most of our association are long strings of associations
Example: why are you happy with an A? Because it means that I did good; why is it important to do good in class? Because it is a building block for a successful academic career

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17
Q

Phobias

A

Excessive tear response to stimuli

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18
Q

Desensitization

A

Gradual reduction of the fear response by pairing relaxation with the fear producing stimuli

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19
Q

Conditioned emotional response

A

Existing emotional response to some stimulus because it has been previously learned through association, reinforcement, or modeling

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20
Q

Vicarious conditioning

A

Conditioning by observing others

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21
Q

Conditioned taste aversions

A

Largely used with alcoholics to reverse the associations

22
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Operant conditioning
Worked with cats and the “law of effect”

23
Q

Law of Effect

A

If an action is followed by a pleasurable consequences, the action will tend to be repeated.
If an action is followed by an UNpleasurable consequences, the action will tend to NOT be repeated.

24
Q

Stimulus-response

A

Presentation of a stimulus will evoke a response

25
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Studied observable behavior
Presentation of the stimulus did not always evoke a response

26
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence that increased the likelihood of the response occurring again

27
Q

Punishment

A

A consequence that decreased the likelihood of the response occurring again

28
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Meeting a biological need
Example: food

29
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Paired with a primary reinforcer
Example: praise

30
Q

Reinforcement & punishment

A

Positive: do something
Negative: remove something
Reinforcement: that which encourages behavior
Punish men: that which diminishes or extincts behavior

31
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Doing something that encourages behavior
Example: give money, give praise, give M&M

32
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removing something to encourage behavior
Example: don’t have to take final if you have an A, remove restrictions, car seat belt noise

33
Q

Positive punishment

A

Doing something to reduce behavior
Example: spanking, scolding, criticizing

34
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removing something to reduce behavior
Example: remove money (ticket), remove freedom (time out), take away toys

35
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

Ratio: number of rewards as a function of number of acts (do something)
Interval: number if rewards as a function of amount of time elapsed
Fixed: identical spacing between rewards (whether number of acts or amount of time)
Variable: irregular spacing between rewards (whether number of acts or amount of time)

36
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

A reward is given for every fixed number of acts
Example: every 5th press results in a reward; paid $25 for every 10 calls and doesn’t increase to $50 until 20 calls

37
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

Irregular spacing of rewards but you will receive a certain number of rewards after a certain total number of acts
Example: after 100 presses, you will receive 20 awards (reward per 5 presses) but the spacing of those rewards are irregular (not every 5th press); gambling

38
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

A reward will occur after every fixed amount of time
Example: reward for every 2 minutes, 30 rewards will be given in a hour; hourly wage

39
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

For a given amount of time a certain number of rewards will occur
Example: after 1 hour you will have received 30 rewards but the spacing will be irregular; speeding ticket

40
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Any stimulus (stop sign, doorknob) that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response to obtain reinforcement
Example: Krispy Kreme sign

41
Q

Shaping behavior

A

Common in animal trainers
Example: Bredland’s were a married couple that trained animals for the circus and wrote a book “The Misbehavior of Organisms”, which was a spoof (parody) of Skinner’s “The Behavior of Organisms”

42
Q

Therapeutic behavior modification

A

Reverses the patterns of rewards and punishments
Example: the gold star- encourage any desired behavior

43
Q

Applied behavior analysis

A

5 year old monster
Behavior-modification expert would not call the child a monster but rather a child that “emits an unacceptable number of negative behavior per hour
Baseline: >100 negative behavior
Consultation: explain the dynamics of rewards and punishments
Application: apply the agreed upon pattern of rewards and punishments
Follow up: when the parent can do it on their own

44
Q

Biofeedback

A

Use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses under voluntary control
Example: blood pressure

45
Q

Neurofeedback

A

Form of biofeedback using devices (EEG, fMRI) to provide feedback about brain activity to modify behavior

46
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Animal learning; trial and error vs insight leaning (sudden connection of variables to come to a solution)- aha moment

47
Q

Martin Seligman

A

Learned helplessness- tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
Dogs then to people
Positive psych- more fulfilling aspects of human experience rather than on mental disorders
Learned optimism

48
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Observational learning: modeling
Bobo doll experiments
Children that observed aggressive behavior were more likely to aggress on the playground
Children that observed playful behavior were less likely to aggress on the playground

49
Q

Learning-performance distinction

A

Leaning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

50
Q

Four elements of observational learning

A

Attention
Memory
Reproducing the desired outcome (different from imitation)
Desire (much observational learning takes place without desire)

PY (13 decks)

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