Chapter 5

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experiences or practice. Expand behavior to include cognition, perception, emotion, regulation, physical skills, and more.

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov
Learn by associations
Associate an innate (natural) response with a new stimulus
Example: experience joy (innate) with an “A” (new stimulus)

Question 3

Operant conditioning

Answer 3

B.F. Skinner
Learn by reinforcements / punishment
Our behavior is shaped by the consequences of that behavior
Behavior → consequence of behavior → consequence is either:
a) reinforcing - encouraged to continue that behavior
b) punishing - unlikely to continue their behavior
Consequence is operant; hence operant conditioning
Example: touch hot stove (behavior) → pain (consequence) → punishing

Question 4

Social learning theory

Answer 4

Albert Bandura
Combines classical and operant and adds modeling
Across a wide array of circumstances where one observes and models - greatest predictor of behavior both positive and negative
Example: in parenting, if I want my child to be neat, l have to be neat myself

Question 5

Reflex

Answer 5

A behavior that is innate (natural)

Question 6

Stimulus

Answer 6

Any object or event that cause that response

Question 7

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

An event or object
Food

Question 8

Unconditioned response

Answer 8

Response to event or object
Salivation

Question 9

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

New event or object that elicits a response
Bell

Question 10

Conditioned response

Answer 10

New response to a formerly neutral stimulus
Salivation

Question 11

Neutral stimulus

Answer 11

Stimulus that evokes no response

Question 12

Stimulus generalization

Answer 12

Similar stimuli evoke identical responses
Example: green left arrow and blinking green left arrow

Question 13

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 13

Distinguish between similar stimuli
Example: red and green light

Question 14

Extinctions

Answer 14

When a previously learned behavior disappears

Question 15

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 15

When a previously extinct behavior returns

Question 16

Higher order conditioning

Answer 16

Most of our association are long strings of associations
Example: why are you happy with an A? Because it means that I did good; why is it important to do good in class? Because it is a building block for a successful academic career

Question 17

Phobias

Answer 17

Excessive tear response to stimuli

Question 18

Desensitization

Answer 18

Gradual reduction of the fear response by pairing relaxation with the fear producing stimuli

Question 19

Conditioned emotional response

Answer 19

Existing emotional response to some stimulus because it has been previously learned through association, reinforcement, or modeling

Question 20

Vicarious conditioning

Answer 20

Conditioning by observing others

Question 21

Conditioned taste aversions

Answer 21

Largely used with alcoholics to reverse the associations

Question 22

Edward Thorndike

Answer 22

Operant conditioning
Worked with cats and the “law of effect”

Question 23

Law of Effect

Answer 23

If an action is followed by a pleasurable consequences, the action will tend to be repeated.
If an action is followed by an UNpleasurable consequences, the action will tend to NOT be repeated.

Question 24

Stimulus-response

Answer 24

Presentation of a stimulus will evoke a response

Question 25

B.F. Skinner

Answer 25

Studied observable behavior Presentation of the stimulus did not always evoke a response

Question 26

Reinforcement

Answer 26

A consequence that increased the likelihood of the response occurring again

Question 27

Punishment

Answer 27

A consequence that decreased the likelihood of the response occurring again

Question 28

Primary reinforcer

Answer 28

Meeting a biological need Example: food

Question 29

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 29

Paired with a primary reinforcer Example: praise

Question 30

Reinforcement & punishment

Answer 30

Positive: do something Negative: remove something Reinforcement: that which encourages behavior Punish men: that which diminishes or extincts behavior

Question 31

Positive reinforcement

Answer 31

Doing something that encourages behavior Example: give money, give praise, give M&M

Question 32

Negative reinforcement

Answer 32

Removing something to encourage behavior Example: don’t have to take final if you have an A, remove restrictions, car seat belt noise

Question 33

Positive punishment

Answer 33

Doing something to reduce behavior Example: spanking, scolding, criticizing

Question 34

Negative punishment

Answer 34

Removing something to reduce behavior Example: remove money (ticket), remove freedom (time out), take away toys

Question 35

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 35

Ratio: number of rewards as a function of number of acts (do something) Interval: number if rewards as a function of amount of time elapsed Fixed: identical spacing between rewards (whether number of acts or amount of time) Variable: irregular spacing between rewards (whether number of acts or amount of time)

Question 36

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 36

A reward is given for every fixed number of acts Example: every 5th press results in a reward; paid $25 for every 10 calls and doesn’t increase to $50 until 20 calls

Question 37

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 37

Irregular spacing of rewards but you will receive a certain number of rewards after a certain total number of acts Example: after 100 presses, you will receive 20 awards (reward per 5 presses) but the spacing of those rewards are irregular (not every 5th press); gambling

Question 38

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 38

A reward will occur after every fixed amount of time Example: reward for every 2 minutes, 30 rewards will be given in a hour; hourly wage

Question 39

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 39

For a given amount of time a certain number of rewards will occur Example: after 1 hour you will have received 30 rewards but the spacing will be irregular; speeding ticket

Question 40

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 40

Any stimulus (stop sign, doorknob) that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response to obtain reinforcement Example: Krispy Kreme sign

Question 41

Shaping behavior

Answer 41

Common in animal trainers Example: Bredland’s were a married couple that trained animals for the circus and wrote a book “The Misbehavior of Organisms”, which was a spoof (parody) of Skinner’s “The Behavior of Organisms”

Question 42

Therapeutic behavior modification

Answer 42

Reverses the patterns of rewards and punishments Example: the gold star- encourage any desired behavior

Question 43

Applied behavior analysis

Answer 43

5 year old monster Behavior-modification expert would not call the child a monster but rather a child that “emits an unacceptable number of negative behavior per hour Baseline: >100 negative behavior Consultation: explain the dynamics of rewards and punishments Application: apply the agreed upon pattern of rewards and punishments Follow up: when the parent can do it on their own

Question 44

Biofeedback

Answer 44

Use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses under voluntary control Example: blood pressure

Question 45

Neurofeedback

Answer 45

Form of biofeedback using devices (EEG, fMRI) to provide feedback about brain activity to modify behavior

Question 46

Wolfgang Kohler

Answer 46

Animal learning; trial and error vs insight leaning (sudden connection of variables to come to a solution)- aha moment

Question 47

Martin Seligman

Answer 47

Learned helplessness- tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past Dogs then to people Positive psych- more fulfilling aspects of human experience rather than on mental disorders Learned optimism

Question 48

Albert Bandura

Answer 48

Observational learning: modeling Bobo doll experiments Children that observed aggressive behavior were more likely to aggress on the playground Children that observed playful behavior were less likely to aggress on the playground

Question 49

Learning-performance distinction

Answer 49

Leaning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

Question 50

Four elements of observational learning

Answer 50

Attention Memory Reproducing the desired outcome (different from imitation) Desire (much observational learning takes place without desire)