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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroscience

A

Study of the structure and functioning of the brain and the neurons, nerves, and nervous tissues that form the nervous system

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2
Q

Nervous system

A

Network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body

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3
Q

Biological psychology/behavioral neuroscience

A

Branch of neuroscience that focuses on biological basis of psychological processes, behavior, and learning

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4
Q

Neuron

A

Cells that make up the nervous system

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch like structures
Receive neural info

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6
Q

Soma

A

Body of the cell
responsible for maintang cell life

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

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8
Q

Axon

A

Long tube like structures that transmit message from one cell to another
Nodes of Ranvier

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9
Q

Axon terminal

A

Round ends of the axon that transmits info to the next neuron

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10
Q

Glial cells

A

Provider support for neurons to grow and operate; deliver nutrients; produces myelin
Ie: Scwann cells

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11
Q

Myelin

A

Coats axon to assist in neural transmission
Insulate, protect, and speed up
Clean up waste

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12
Q

Nerves

A

Collection of many neurons devoted to a particular function

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13
Q

Ions

A

Charged particles
Inside cell: negative
Outside cell: positive

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14
Q

Diffusion

A

Ions moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

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15
Q

Resting potential

A

State of neuron when not firing (-70 mv)

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16
Q

Action potential

A

When stimulus raises resting potential high enough for the neuron to fire

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17
Q

All or nothing

A

Neuron either fires or it doesn’t

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18
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between sending neuron and receiving neuron ( axon terminals and dendrites)

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19
Q

Excitatory synapse

A

Neurotransmitters that tell receiving neuron to fire

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20
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

Neurotransmitters that tell receiving neuron to stop firing

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21
Q

Agonists

A

Enhance effect of neurotransmitter on receptor sites (excitatory or inhibitory)

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22
Q

Antagonists

A

Block/reduce cell’s response to neurotransmitters

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Different substances that affect neural transmission
Messengers of the nerves system

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24
Q

Acetylcholine
(ACh)

A

Excitatory or inhibitory
Arousal, attention, memory, and control of muscle contractions

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25
Q

Dopamine

A

Excitatory or inhibitory
Control of movement and sensation of pleasure

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26
Q

Serotonin
(5-HT)

A

Excitatory or inhibitory
Sleep, mood, appetite, and anxiety

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27
Q

Endorphins

A

Inhibitory
Pain relief

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28
Q

Lesioning studies

A

Cut into brain to see structure and function
Sends electrical current to kill brain cells

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29
Q

Brain stimulation

A

Send electrical current to make neurons react as if they received a neural message

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30
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

Electrodes placed inside brain that can be activated to observe behaviors influenced by specific section of the brain

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31
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

Magnetic pulses applied to cortex using copper wire coils placed above head

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32
Q

CT scan

A

Computed tomography
Brain imaging using X-rays of the brain

33
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging
Brain imaging using radio waves and magnetic field of the body
Detailed image

34
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram
Records electrical activity of neurons using electrodes

35
Q

PET

A

Positron emission tomography
Use of radioactive materials to identify which section of the brain is stimulated during certain cognitions or activities

36
Q

NIRS

A

Near-infrared spectroscopy
Brain activity measured using infrared light to determine changes in blood oxygen level of the brain

37
Q

3 sections of the brain

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

38
Q

Hindbrain

A

Lower part of brain
- medulla
- reticular formation
- cerebellum

39
Q

Medulla

A

Large swelling at the top of spinal cord
Lowest part of brain
Control autonomic functions: breathing, swallowing, heart rate

40
Q

Reticular formation

A

Area of neurons running in the middle of medulla and pons (larger swelling above medulla)
Selective attention

41
Q

Cerebellum

A

Lower brain behind pons
Controls and coordinates involuntary,rapid, fine motor movements

42
Q

Midbrain structures

A

Under cortex
- limbic system
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- hippocampus
- amygdala

43
Q

Limbic system

A

Group of several brain structures
Learning, emotions, memory, and motivation

44
Q

Thalamus

A

Center of brain
Relay information from sensory organs to cerebral cortex

45
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Under thalamus
Motivational behavior
Sleep, hunger, thirst, sex

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

Temporal lobe
Long term, declarative memory

47
Q

Amygdala

A

Near hippocampus
Fear response and memory of fear

48
Q

Cortex

A

Outermost covering of brain
Higher thought processing and interpretation of sensory input

49
Q

Forebrain structures

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • occipital lobes
  • parietal lobes
  • temporal lobes
  • frontal lobes
50
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Two halves of forebrain/cortex

51
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Bottom and back of brain
Visual cortex
Process visual info from eyes

52
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Top and back of each cerebral hemispheres
Centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations
Somatosensory cortex

53
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Sides of brain starting behind temples
Auditory cortex
Identifies and makes sense of auditory info; hearing

54
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Top and front of brain
Motor cortex: sends motor commands to muscles of somatic nervous system
Higher metal processes, decision making, fluent speech

55
Q

Split brain research

A

Two halves process info different (receive messages from opposite side of body)
Left: logical thinking (sequentially)
Right: emotional processing (globally)
Studies w/ people w/ severed corpus callosum

56
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Thick band of nerves that connect the two halves of cerebral cortex

57
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

58
Q

Spinal cord

A

Long bundle of neurons that runs down back that Carrie’s messages to and from body and brain
Fast, life saving reflexes

59
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Sensory
Receive sensations from the environment

60
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Motor
Sends messages to perform actions

61
Q

Inter neurons

A

In between neurons that transmits from sensory neurons to motor neurons

62
Q

Reflex arc

A

Complex sequence of afferent neurons to internuerons to efferent neurons that results in reflex action

63
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Ability to change structure and function of cells in response to experience or trauma

64
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

All neurons not in the brain or spinal cord

65
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls voluntary muscles of the body

66
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

Automatic processes
Heart rate breathing, maintaining body temperature

67
Q

Sensory pathway

A

Senses to CNS
Sensory neurons

68
Q

Motor pathway

A

CNS to voluntary muscles
Motor neurons

69
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Fight or flight in case of emergency

70
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Returns system to normal after emergency
Day to day functioning; eat, drink, rest

71
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete hormones directly to blood stream

72
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals that affect behavior and emotions by stimulating muscles, organs, and glands
Ie: insulin, oxytocin (reproductive and parental behavior), vaspopresin(controls water levels in body)

73
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland
In brain, secretes human growth hormones and affects all other hormones

74
Q

Pineal gland

A

Base of cerebrum; Secretes melatonin

75
Q

Thyroid gland

A

In neck; regulates metabolism

76
Q

Pancreas

A

Controls level of sugar in blood

77
Q

Gonads

A

Sex gland; sexual development, behavior, and reproduction
Female: ovaries
Male: testes

78
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Top of each kidney
Controls arousal in an emergency
Stress, regulate salt intake, secondary source of sex hormones

79
Q

Phineas gage

A

Rod thought head, change in personality bc went through frontal lobe

PY (13 decks)

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