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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroscience

A

Study of the structure and functioning of the brain and the neurons, nerves, and nervous tissues that form the nervous system

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2
Q

Nervous system

A

Network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body

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3
Q

Biological psychology/behavioral neuroscience

A

Branch of neuroscience that focuses on biological basis of psychological processes, behavior, and learning

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4
Q

Neuron

A

Cells that make up the nervous system

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch like structures
Receive neural info

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6
Q

Soma

A

Body of the cell
responsible for maintang cell life

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

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8
Q

Axon

A

Long tube like structures that transmit message from one cell to another
Nodes of Ranvier

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9
Q

Axon terminal

A

Round ends of the axon that transmits info to the next neuron

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10
Q

Glial cells

A

Provider support for neurons to grow and operate; deliver nutrients; produces myelin
Ie: Scwann cells

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11
Q

Myelin

A

Coats axon to assist in neural transmission
Insulate, protect, and speed up
Clean up waste

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12
Q

Nerves

A

Collection of many neurons devoted to a particular function

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13
Q

Ions

A

Charged particles
Inside cell: negative
Outside cell: positive

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14
Q

Diffusion

A

Ions moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

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15
Q

Resting potential

A

State of neuron when not firing (-70 mv)

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16
Q

Action potential

A

When stimulus raises resting potential high enough for the neuron to fire

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17
Q

All or nothing

A

Neuron either fires or it doesn’t

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18
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between sending neuron and receiving neuron ( axon terminals and dendrites)

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19
Q

Excitatory synapse

A

Neurotransmitters that tell receiving neuron to fire

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20
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

Neurotransmitters that tell receiving neuron to stop firing

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21
Q

Agonists

A

Enhance effect of neurotransmitter on receptor sites (excitatory or inhibitory)

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22
Q

Antagonists

A

Block/reduce cell’s response to neurotransmitters

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Different substances that affect neural transmission
Messengers of the nerves system

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24
Q

Acetylcholine
(ACh)

A

Excitatory or inhibitory
Arousal, attention, memory, and control of muscle contractions

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25
Dopamine
Excitatory or inhibitory Control of movement and sensation of pleasure
26
Serotonin (5-HT)
Excitatory or inhibitory Sleep, mood, appetite, and anxiety
27
Endorphins
Inhibitory Pain relief
28
Lesioning studies
Cut into brain to see structure and function Sends electrical current to kill brain cells
29
Brain stimulation
Send electrical current to make neurons react as if they received a neural message
30
Deep brain stimulation
Electrodes placed inside brain that can be activated to observe behaviors influenced by specific section of the brain
31
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Magnetic pulses applied to cortex using copper wire coils placed above head
32
CT scan
Computed tomography Brain imaging using X-rays of the brain
33
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging Brain imaging using radio waves and magnetic field of the body Detailed image
34
EEG
Electroencephalogram Records electrical activity of neurons using electrodes
35
PET
Positron emission tomography Use of radioactive materials to identify which section of the brain is stimulated during certain cognitions or activities
36
NIRS
Near-infrared spectroscopy Brain activity measured using infrared light to determine changes in blood oxygen level of the brain
37
3 sections of the brain
Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain
38
Hindbrain
Lower part of brain - medulla - reticular formation - cerebellum
39
Medulla
Large swelling at the top of spinal cord Lowest part of brain Control autonomic functions: breathing, swallowing, heart rate
40
Reticular formation
Area of neurons running in the middle of medulla and pons (larger swelling above medulla) Selective attention
41
Cerebellum
Lower brain behind pons Controls and coordinates involuntary,rapid, fine motor movements
42
Midbrain structures
Under cortex - limbic system - thalamus - hypothalamus - hippocampus - amygdala
43
Limbic system
Group of several brain structures Learning, emotions, memory, and motivation
44
Thalamus
Center of brain Relay information from sensory organs to cerebral cortex
45
Hypothalamus
Under thalamus Motivational behavior Sleep, hunger, thirst, sex
46
Hippocampus
Temporal lobe Long term, declarative memory
47
Amygdala
Near hippocampus Fear response and memory of fear
48
Cortex
Outermost covering of brain Higher thought processing and interpretation of sensory input
49
Forebrain structures
- cerebral hemispheres - occipital lobes - parietal lobes - temporal lobes - frontal lobes
50
Cerebral hemispheres
Two halves of forebrain/cortex
51
Occipital lobes
Bottom and back of brain Visual cortex Process visual info from eyes
52
Parietal lobes
Top and back of each cerebral hemispheres Centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations Somatosensory cortex
53
Temporal lobes
Sides of brain starting behind temples Auditory cortex Identifies and makes sense of auditory info; hearing
54
Frontal lobes
Top and front of brain Motor cortex: sends motor commands to muscles of somatic nervous system Higher metal processes, decision making, fluent speech
55
Split brain research
Two halves process info different (receive messages from opposite side of body) Left: logical thinking (sequentially) Right: emotional processing (globally) Studies w/ people w/ severed corpus callosum
56
Corpus callosum
Thick band of nerves that connect the two halves of cerebral cortex
57
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
58
Spinal cord
Long bundle of neurons that runs down back that Carrie’s messages to and from body and brain Fast, life saving reflexes
59
Afferent neurons
Sensory Receive sensations from the environment
60
Efferent neurons
Motor Sends messages to perform actions
61
Inter neurons
In between neurons that transmits from sensory neurons to motor neurons
62
Reflex arc
Complex sequence of afferent neurons to internuerons to efferent neurons that results in reflex action
63
Neuroplasticity
Ability to change structure and function of cells in response to experience or trauma
64
Peripheral nervous system
All neurons not in the brain or spinal cord
65
Somatic nervous system
Controls voluntary muscles of the body
66
Automatic nervous system
Automatic processes Heart rate breathing, maintaining body temperature
67
Sensory pathway
Senses to CNS Sensory neurons
68
Motor pathway
CNS to voluntary muscles Motor neurons
69
Sympathetic division
Fight or flight in case of emergency
70
Parasympathetic division
Returns system to normal after emergency Day to day functioning; eat, drink, rest
71
Endocrine glands
Glands that secrete hormones directly to blood stream
72
Hormones
Chemicals that affect behavior and emotions by stimulating muscles, organs, and glands Ie: insulin, oxytocin (reproductive and parental behavior), vaspopresin(controls water levels in body)
73
Pituitary gland
Master gland In brain, secretes human growth hormones and affects all other hormones
74
Pineal gland
Base of cerebrum; Secretes melatonin
75
Thyroid gland
In neck; regulates metabolism
76
Pancreas
Controls level of sugar in blood
77
Gonads
Sex gland; sexual development, behavior, and reproduction Female: ovaries Male: testes
78
Adrenal glands
Top of each kidney Controls arousal in an emergency Stress, regulate salt intake, secondary source of sex hormones
79
Phineas gage
Rod thought head, change in personality bc went through frontal lobe

PY (13 decks)

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