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Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

personality psychology

A

study of internal causes of behavior

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2
Q

social psychology

A

study of interactive causes of behavior

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3
Q

sociology

A

impact of group membership on behavior

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4
Q

social influence

A

process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of an individual

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5
Q

conformity

A

changing one’s own behavior to match that of another

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6
Q

muzafer sharif study

A

autokinetic effect
how far did the light move?
impact of others’ opinions

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7
Q

solomon asch study

A

classic conformity study
when confederates gave wrong, the subject also gave the wrong answers 33% of the time
cultural differences
gender differences: women conform more than men

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8
Q

why conformity

A

normative influence: desire to be liked
informational influence: desire the be right
most conformity is desirable (traffic lights)
most lethal when conform to self-destruction (drugs, smoke, over-eating, lazy) and other-destructive (bullying, racism, gang violence)

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9
Q

group think

A

people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the situation under consideration

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10
Q

famous group think examples

A

Pearl Harbor Attack 1941
bay of pigs disaster 1962
challenger diaster 1987
war in Iraq 2004

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11
Q

irving janis

A

groupthink founder
book says what not to do, most describe positive steps to avoid lethal effect of group think
- leader appreciated might be wrong
- withhold opinion initially as to not influence others
- encourage alternative perspectives
- devils advocate
- outside expert to express opinion

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12
Q

group polarization

A

group comes up w decision that are more extreme than the average of the members
- conservative, more conservative (status quo)
- liberal, more liberal (risky)

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13
Q

robert zajonc

A

social faciliation and social inhibition
presence of others -> increase level of arousal
a) dominate response correct: social facilitation
b) dominate response wrong: social inhibition

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14
Q

social loafing

A

do less when others are around
reduced when:
- boss present
- worker is self-motivated
- outcome of work important
- individuals are measured

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15
Q

deindividuation

A

lynch mobs are made
lose personal identity in the context of a group
do things an individual would not have done by themselves

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16
Q

compliance

A

changing behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change

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17
Q

burt raven

A

bases of social power- ability to get someone to comply with your request
- reward
- coercion
- legitimate authority
- expertise
- referent power
- informational power
- appeal to 3rd party
- helplessness
- environmental manipulation

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18
Q

sale techniques

A

foot in the door (small to large)
door in the face (large to small)
lowball technique (get it, then raise)

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19
Q

obedience

A

changing behavior at the command of an authority figure

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20
Q

stanley milgram

A

obedience study at 29
stimulated by trial of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann who was just “following orders”
teacher (subject) /learner (confederate)
teacher told to increase shock if answer wrong
results: 2/3 all the way
conclusion: ordinary people can commit atrocity when under the influence of an authority figure
ethical concerns: subjects shaken, continued to shock innocent person- guilt, never thought “posed”

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21
Q

social cognition

A

mental processes that people use to makes sense of the social world around them

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22
Q

attitude

A

tendency to response positively or negatively toward certain person, object, idea, or situation

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23
Q

ABCs of attitude

A

Affect- emotion
Behavior
Cognitions

24
Q

Richard LaPiere

A

attitude poor predictor of behavior
Chinese student and restaurant
refused service twice
when wrote back 92% said wouldn’t serve a Chinese person
attitude-behavior consistency study

25
attitudes formed by
- direct contact - direct instruction - interaction w others - principles of reinforcement, association, and modeling
26
protataxic thinking
relating to or being thinking that is lacking in self-awareness and in perception of temporal sequence lethal aspect of attitudes- formation of attitude takes place w no cognitive process
27
persuasion
attitude change advertisers consider: - source of info - nature of message - target audience
28
elaboration likelihood model
likelihood message will cue interest of listener to exten they actually process (think) about what your presenting
29
central route processing
message addresses actual benefit of product/service ie: uber cheaper than taxi
30
peripheral route processing
use material other than primary info to catch favorable attention of audience ie: humor, good looking presenters
31
Cognitive Dissonance
when attitudes and behavior clash
32
leon festinger
Stanford prof cognitive dissonance: contrast between one’s belief’s and one’s behaviors. Richard LaPiere was at Stanford when Festinger was there. It is probable that Festinger’s interest in Cognitive Dissonance was triggered by LaPiere’s research on attitude-behavior consistency (everyone experiences) - when does dissonance prompt change/when does it not (gun example)
33
four responses to dissonance
* Change behavior to be consistent with attitude * Change attitude so it is not in conflict * Form cognitions to justify their behavior * Do nothing, there are large individual differences on the amount of dissonance that can be tolerated.
34
inpression formation
form impressions about others due to implicit or learned predispositions
35
social categories
we place different people in different categories based on available information: the athlete, the musician, the professor, the student, and thousands more.
36
implicit personality theory
set of assumptions about how different types of people, personalities traits, and actions are related to each other
37
attribution theory
reasons (attributions) that people use to explain behavior or circumstances example: fail test, how you reason to why impacts future behavior
38
Harold Kelley
attribution theory UCLA prof
39
divide in attribution theory
situational causes: external dispositional causes: internal
40
fundamental attribution error
tendency to overemphasize the internal causes of behavior and underestimate the situational causes ie: lazy worker
41
actor-observer bias
tendency to attribute my behavior to situational causes and someone else's behavior to dispositional causes
42
prejudice
same as attitude, subset of it * Affect (emotion) * Behavior * Cognitions prejudice is always negative and directed toward a category of people based on: * Ethnicity * Religion * Sexual orientation * Socio-economic status * Physical characteristics same origins * Direct contact * Direct instruction * Interaction with others * Principles of reinforcement, association, modeling lethal aspect of prejudice ovvurs with no cognitive process prototaxic thinking: relating to or being thinking that is lacking in self-awareness and in perception of temporal sequence
43
realistic group conflict
if you get the job, i dont
44
social comparison
im doing pretty ok, but im not doing as good as ----
45
stereotype vulnerability
if my group is viewed negatively, I become hypersensitive to the possibility that I might be viewed negatively as well
46
self fulfilling prophecy
told repeatedly that some day he would end up in jail, and he did
47
factors that reduce prejudice
- inter-group contact - equal status withing those groups - acquaintanceship potential - legislative support
48
interpersonal attraction
physical attractiveness proximity similar attract- birds of a feather flock together reciprocity- giving back to those that gave to you
49
triarchic theory of love
robert sternberg- cornell univ 3 points- together makes consummate love - passion (infatuation) - intimacy (liking) - commitment (empty love) - p+i: romantic love - i+c: companionate - c+p: fatuous love
50
aggression
social learning perspectives on aggression - reinforecment - association - modeling
51
Philip Zimbardo
stanford prison experiment prisoners vs guards * The purpose was to see the dynamic of interaction between prisoners and guards * The severity of abuse by the guards on the prisoners was so extreme that the experiment had to be shut down after 6 days. The impact of media violence, violent movies, violent video games on actual behavior. The dynamic tends to be one more of correlation rather than causation, although the “vicious cycle” is often observed
52
prosocial behavior
Kitty Genovese murder (1964). Stabbed 31 times and killed while 38 watched and did nothing Motivated research by John Darley and Bibb Latane. In 1970 they published their findings on bystander intervention.
53
The 5 Decision points of helping:
1. Notice that there is a problem 2. Interpreting the situation as an emergency 3. Taking responsibility 4. Planning a course of action 5. Taking action
54
Diffusion of responsibility
When many are there, we tend to assume that someone else will handle the situation (they are stronger, more knowledgeable, have a vested interest, etc)
55
The VA hospital example
When I was a grad student at UCLA, I was riding my bike through the VA hospital grounds. I saw a man with a walker fall. I stopped and helped him get up and made sure he was OK. If there had been others with him, I wouldn’t have stopped

PY (13 decks)

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