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Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Intake of sensory information

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2
Q

Sense organs

A

Eyes
Ears
Skin
Nose
Taste buds

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3
Q

Perception

A

Interpretation of sensory info

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4
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of stimuli into neural activity

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5
Q

Synesthesia

A

One sense cues another sense
Sound and color

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6
Q

JND

A

Just noticeable difference - minimum amount of change required to be detected in stimulus
Difference threshold
Ernst Weber

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Point at which we are able to detect something
At what level you are able to receive difference
Gustav fechner

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8
Q

Limen

A

Threshold

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9
Q

Subliminal

A

Below threshold of awareness

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10
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Silverman- positive and negative charged words
Subliminal stimuli (strong enough to activate sensory receptors but not strong enough for conscious awareness) act on unconscious mind which makes us behave a certain way

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11
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Ratio that assess accuracy of judgements

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12
Q

Habituation

A

Gradually becoming used to an external stimulus (initially irritating)

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13
Q

Sensitization

A

Continuing to become more disturbed over time with an irritating stimulus

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14
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Sensory receptors becoming less responsive to unchanging stimuli
Microsaccades: tiny eye movements that make visual stimuli less prone to sensory adaptations

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15
Q

Light

A

Waves and particles
Roygbiv: long wavelength to short

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16
Q

Brightness

A

Determined by amplitude of wavelength; higher = brighter

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17
Q

Saturation

A

Purity of color

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18
Q

Color

A

Depends on wave length

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19
Q

Cornea

A

Outer surface of eye
Protect, focus light, fixed curvature

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20
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in center where usual stimuli enters

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21
Q

Lens

A

Expand or contract to adapt to close/for distance

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22
Q

Iris

A

Color of eye
Change size for move/less light
Focus image

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23
Q

Retina

A

Back of eyeball where visual stimuli is registered

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24
Q

Optic nerve

A

Takes visual stimuli to brain for interpretation

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25
Forea
High density of cones for viewing small objects accurately Central vision; visual activity is highest
26
Blind spot
Where optic nerve leaves retina: no photoreceptor cells
27
Myopia
Nearsightedness Focal point falls short of retina
28
Hyperopia
Farsightedness Focus point is behind retina
29
Dark adaptation
Eye sensitivity recovery to visual stimuli in darkness after light exposure Night vision
30
Rods
Eye sensitivity recovery to visual stimuli in light after dark exposure
31
ww 2
Pilots wait in red room and eyes would be adjusted at night - dark adaptive bc rods not sensitive to red light
32
Light (color) adaption
Light vision through cones (used for accurate detail visionand detection of color)
33
Trichromatic theory
Red, blue, and green cones Light and dark An colors we see
34
Opponent- process theory
Afterimages Blue-yellow Red- green Black-white
35
Color-deficient vision
Colorblindness Protanopia- red cone (see yellow and blue) Deuteranopia- green cone (see yellow and blue) Tritanopia- blue cone (see pink and blue)
36
Wavelength (sound)
Frequence/pitch Hz (hertz)
37
Amplitude (sound)
Volume
38
Purity
Timbre
39
Sound
20 - 20,000 CPS
40
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum Vibrates at some frequency as receiving sound
41
Parts of eardrum
Hammer (maleus) Anvil (incus) Stirrup (stapes): smallest bone in body Three tiny bones transmit sound to cochlea
42
Cochlea
Snail shaped structure that is filled w/ fluid and detects sound
43
Frequency theory
Pitch related to speed of vibrations Based on tiring of neurons Lower sound ranges 20- 1000 CPS
44
Volley theory
Neurons work together and take turns firing; more efficient 400 - 4000 CPS
45
Place theory
Highest range of sound based on place along cochlea that neurons are stimulated 3000 - 20,000 CPS
46
Taste
Gustation Taste buds: 500-10,000
47
5 types of taste
Sweet Sour Bitter Salty Pleasant/brothy 6th taste: oleogustus- taste of fatty acids
48
Smell
Olfaction Olfactory receptors (bulbs) die off every 5-8 weeks 1000s of smells 90% of taste we actually smell
49
Somesthetic senses
Body sense - touch - vestibular snese - kinesthetic sense
50
Touch
Skin receptors Largest organ in body
51
Vestibular sense
Awareness of balance, position of body and body in space
52
Kinesthetic sense
Awareness of body movement
53
Visceral pain
Pain in organs
54
Somatic pain
Pain in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints
55
Gate-control theory of pain
Many factors can determine whether pain is detected by brain Gate located at spinal cord (neural balance and activities, not a physical structure) Excitatory and inhibitory neural response Release endorphins
56
Consistence in perception
Our perception doesn’t change even though physical change occurred Size Shape Brightness
57
Proximity
Things close together are grouped together
58
Similarity
Things that are similar are grouped in our mind
59
Closure
Brain fills in the gaps of spaces
60
Continuity
Assume an object is continuous even when it is not visible
61
Contiguity
Things that move at the same time are viewed as related together
62
Monocular cues
Perceive depth based on one eye
63
Linear perspective
Lines converge in the distance
64
Relative size
Objects closer look larger
65
Overlap
Things that overlap are in front
66
Ariel perspective
Things farther are more vague (grayed)
67
Texture gradient
Closer object has more detail
68
Motion Parallax
When moving closer objects pass by quicker
69
Binocular cues
Perceive depth with two eyes
70
Convergence
As object moves closer eyes move inward
71
Binocular (retinal) disparity
Two different images, one from each eye, our brain combines both images
72
Illusion
Perceptions doesn’t match with reality
73
Examples of illusions
Hermann- grid Muller-Lyer p- arrow lengths Ebbinghuas- circle in circles Moon illusion Illusion of motion Devils trident illusion
74
Perceptual set
Perceive based on expectations
75
Top-down processing
View an object anticipating a particular outcome
76
Bottom-up processing
View with no prior expectation of outcome

PY (13 decks)

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