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PY > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Intake of sensory information

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2
Q

Sense organs

A

Eyes
Ears
Skin
Nose
Taste buds

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3
Q

Perception

A

Interpretation of sensory info

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4
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of stimuli into neural activity

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5
Q

Synesthesia

A

One sense cues another sense
Sound and color

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6
Q

JND

A

Just noticeable difference - minimum amount of change required to be detected in stimulus
Difference threshold
Ernst Weber

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Point at which we are able to detect something
At what level you are able to receive difference
Gustav fechner

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8
Q

Limen

A

Threshold

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9
Q

Subliminal

A

Below threshold of awareness

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10
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Silverman- positive and negative charged words
Subliminal stimuli (strong enough to activate sensory receptors but not strong enough for conscious awareness) act on unconscious mind which makes us behave a certain way

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11
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Ratio that assess accuracy of judgements

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12
Q

Habituation

A

Gradually becoming used to an external stimulus (initially irritating)

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13
Q

Sensitization

A

Continuing to become more disturbed over time with an irritating stimulus

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14
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Sensory receptors becoming less responsive to unchanging stimuli
Microsaccades: tiny eye movements that make visual stimuli less prone to sensory adaptations

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15
Q

Light

A

Waves and particles
Roygbiv: long wavelength to short

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16
Q

Brightness

A

Determined by amplitude of wavelength; higher = brighter

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17
Q

Saturation

A

Purity of color

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18
Q

Color

A

Depends on wave length

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19
Q

Cornea

A

Outer surface of eye
Protect, focus light, fixed curvature

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20
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in center where usual stimuli enters

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21
Q

Lens

A

Expand or contract to adapt to close/for distance

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22
Q

Iris

A

Color of eye
Change size for move/less light
Focus image

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23
Q

Retina

A

Back of eyeball where visual stimuli is registered

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24
Q

Optic nerve

A

Takes visual stimuli to brain for interpretation

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25
Q

Forea

A

High density of cones for viewing small objects accurately
Central vision; visual activity is highest

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26
Q

Blind spot

A

Where optic nerve leaves retina: no photoreceptor cells

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27
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness
Focal point falls short of retina

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28
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness
Focus point is behind retina

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29
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Eye sensitivity recovery to visual stimuli in darkness after light exposure
Night vision

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30
Q

Rods

A

Eye sensitivity recovery to visual stimuli in light after dark exposure

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31
Q

ww 2

A

Pilots wait in red room and eyes would be adjusted at night - dark adaptive bc rods not sensitive to red light

32
Q

Light (color) adaption

A

Light vision through cones (used for accurate detail visionand detection of color)

33
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Red, blue, and green cones
Light and dark
An colors we see

34
Q

Opponent- process theory

A

Afterimages
Blue-yellow
Red- green
Black-white

35
Q

Color-deficient vision

A

Colorblindness
Protanopia- red cone (see yellow and blue)
Deuteranopia- green cone (see yellow and blue)
Tritanopia- blue cone (see pink and blue)

36
Q

Wavelength (sound)

A

Frequence/pitch
Hz (hertz)

37
Q

Amplitude (sound)

A

Volume

38
Q

Purity

A

Timbre

39
Q

Sound

A

20 - 20,000 CPS

40
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum
Vibrates at some frequency as receiving sound

41
Q

Parts of eardrum

A

Hammer (maleus)
Anvil (incus)
Stirrup (stapes): smallest bone in body
Three tiny bones transmit sound to cochlea

42
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail shaped structure that is filled w/ fluid and detects sound

43
Q

Frequency theory

A

Pitch related to speed of vibrations
Based on tiring of neurons
Lower sound ranges
20- 1000 CPS

44
Q

Volley theory

A

Neurons work together and take turns firing; more efficient
400 - 4000 CPS

45
Q

Place theory

A

Highest range of sound based on place along cochlea that neurons are stimulated
3000 - 20,000 CPS

46
Q

Taste

A

Gustation
Taste buds: 500-10,000

47
Q

5 types of taste

A

Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty
Pleasant/brothy
6th taste: oleogustus- taste of fatty acids

48
Q

Smell

A

Olfaction
Olfactory receptors (bulbs) die off every 5-8 weeks
1000s of smells
90% of taste we actually smell

49
Q

Somesthetic senses

A

Body sense
- touch
- vestibular snese
- kinesthetic sense

50
Q

Touch

A

Skin receptors
Largest organ in body

51
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Awareness of balance, position of body and body in space

52
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

Awareness of body movement

53
Q

Visceral pain

A

Pain in organs

54
Q

Somatic pain

A

Pain in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints

55
Q

Gate-control theory of pain

A

Many factors can determine whether pain is detected by brain
Gate located at spinal cord (neural balance and activities, not a physical structure)
Excitatory and inhibitory neural response
Release endorphins

56
Q

Consistence in perception

A

Our perception doesn’t change even though physical change occurred
Size
Shape
Brightness

57
Q

Proximity

A

Things close together are grouped together

58
Q

Similarity

A

Things that are similar are grouped in our mind

59
Q

Closure

A

Brain fills in the gaps of spaces

60
Q

Continuity

A

Assume an object is continuous even when it is not visible

61
Q

Contiguity

A

Things that move at the same time are viewed as related together

62
Q

Monocular cues

A

Perceive depth based on one eye

63
Q

Linear perspective

A

Lines converge in the distance

64
Q

Relative size

A

Objects closer look larger

65
Q

Overlap

A

Things that overlap are in front

66
Q

Ariel perspective

A

Things farther are more vague (grayed)

67
Q

Texture gradient

A

Closer object has more detail

68
Q

Motion Parallax

A

When moving closer objects pass by quicker

69
Q

Binocular cues

A

Perceive depth with two eyes

70
Q

Convergence

A

As object moves closer eyes move inward

71
Q

Binocular (retinal) disparity

A

Two different images, one from each eye, our brain combines both images

72
Q

Illusion

A

Perceptions doesn’t match with reality

73
Q

Examples of illusions

A

Hermann- grid
Muller-Lyer p- arrow lengths
Ebbinghuas- circle in circles
Moon illusion
Illusion of motion
Devils trident illusion

74
Q

Perceptual set

A

Perceive based on expectations

75
Q

Top-down processing

A

View an object anticipating a particular outcome

76
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

View with no prior expectation of outcome

PY (13 decks)

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