Chapter 13

Question 1

Karen Horney

Answer 1

As you cannot force an acorn to grow into an oak tree, you cannot force a child to grow into a healthy productive adult. However, the acorn given the initial nurture then enduring the buffets of nature will eventually grow naturally into a mighty oak. The same is true of children: Given a nurturing environment and over the course of development a pattern of healthy friction, the child will eventually grow toward self-realization.

Question 2

personality

Answer 2

unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave

Old definitions included: “consistent through time and stable across situations” This phrase has been dropped for good reason!

Question 3

The Psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud (#3) (1856 – 1939)

• Freud was founder of psychoanalytic movement
• Europe during the Victorian Age and sexual repression
  – Men supposedly unable to control their “animal” desires; a good Victorian husband would father several children with his wife and then turn to a mistress for sexual comfort, leaving his virtuous wife untouched
  – Women were not supposed to have sexual urges

Question 4

The theory of homeostasis and the pleasure principle

Answer 4

balance out tensions to result in pleasure

Question 5

repression

Answer 5

pushing threatening or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory

Question 6

suppression

Answer 6

setting aside threatening or conflicting events or situations to be dealt with later

Question 7

denial

Answer 7

refusal to recognize an undersired reality
eventually believe denial and think reality-what cost?

Question 8

rationalization

Answer 8

stating an acceptable reason for behavior but not the real one

Question 9

projection

Answer 9

placing own unacceptable thoughts into others as the thoughts belonged to them and not ourselves

Question 10

displacement

Answer 10

expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target

Question 11

sublimation

Answer 11

turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior
channeling unwanted or unacceptable urges into an admissible or productive outlet

Question 12

ID

Answer 12

• a reservoir of powerful sexual and aggressive urges seeking release
• raw, primal, pressured, twisted, tortured coagulation of unacceptable subconscious sexual and aggressive urges
• driving force of human personality
• more powerful when repressing trauma rather than processing it in a healthy manner
• ego places a lid on unacceptable urges of ID so we appear acceptable to those around us

Question 13

Ego

Answer 13

• the conscious part of the personality
• makes choices and decisions
  the ego knows socially acceptable behavior
• jim carrey’s liar liar shows effect of no ego

Question 14

Super ego

Answer 14

• the conscience, internal guide to behavior
• develops ages 3-7 and continues to adapt
• have subconscious and conscious influence

Question 15

erik erickson

Answer 15

psychosexual stages- psychosocial stages of development
1. 0-1, attachment
2. 1-3, independence
3. 3-7, internalizing moral values
4. 7-puberty, industry & inferiority
5. pub-20s, identity
6. 20s, intimacy
7a. 20s-60s, productivity v futility
7b. 60s-80s, generativity v stagnation
8. final years, integrity v despair

Question 16

carl jung

Answer 16

neo freudian
1. crown prince- centrality of sexuality
2. mystical- ancestral past
3. archetypes- mandala, animus, anima, rebirth, mother, father, shadow
4. compensation- emotional health involves the ability to balance and integrate opposites
5. dreams- interpretations more flexible
6. typologies- Myers Briggs Type Indicator
introversion- extroversion
sensing- intuiting
thinking- feeling
judging- perceiving

Question 17

alfred adler

Answer 17

neo freudian
1. overcome inferiority and strive for superiority
2. work, love, society
3. teleological- all behavior has purpose and goal-oriented
4. fictional finalism- anticipated future (doesn’t work out- shock, neurosis)
5. early recollections- guide to present emotional health
6. birth order- ideographic power (powerful for some indiv) and nomothetic weakness (doesn’t have same effect on everyone)

Question 18

Karen Horney

Answer 18

neo freudian
1) A woman, alternative perspective, brilliant writer—feels very modern
2) Given the right nurturing with healthy friction the person grows toward self-realization
3) Neurosis: A dysfunctional response to basic anxiety
4) The Neurotic needs:
* Moving toward people (excessive need to be in relationships)
* Moving away from people (excessive need to avoid others and their criticisms)
* Moving against people (excessive need to have power over others)
5) Innovative defense mechanisms: externalization, blind spot, arbitrary rightness, elusiveness
6) The Neurotic Personality of our Times (1937); Neurosis and Human Growth (1950)

Question 19

carl rogers

Answer 19

humanistic psychologists
Carl Rogers (#6) (1902 – 1987):
1) Embraced the “growth model” and rejected the “medical model”
2) Phenomenology: desire to grasp reality as each individual uniquely perceives it
3) Humanistic Psychology: focus on present experience and ultimate worth of the individual
4) Unconditional positive regard versus conditions of worth
5) The actualizing tendency (experienced by all; expressed in different ways)
6) Non-directive approach: allow person to discover answers through their own thought processes
7) Identify the real self; explore ideal self; in therapy work systematically from one to the other

Question 20

abraham maslow

Answer 20

humanistic psychologists

1) Like Rogers operated from the perspective of humanistic psychology and phenomenology
2) Hierarchy of needs: D-needs: Deficit needs; G-needs: Growth needs
* A D-need: Physiological (biological needs: thirst, hunger, need to escape pain . . .)
* A D-need: Safety (freedom from fear of physical harm, place to live, secure income . . .)
* A D-need: Love and belonging (includes intimate relationships + friends, family & community)
* A G-need: Respect and esteem (to be appreciated and acknowledged for my contributions)
* A G-need: Self actualization (to become all that one is created to be)
3) B-(being) values: Love, joy, truth, unity (many more) experienced fully only by the self-actualized
4) His major focus was the study of exceptional individuals
5) Chicken study: By incorporating the habits of exceptional people, we become better (Covey)

Question 21

julian rotter

Answer 21

locus of control
- internal: we have control of the environment based on choices
- external: we are manipulated by life and circumstances

Question 22

gordon allport

Answer 22

traits hard-wired into human personality

cardinal traits: central to perosn’s definition
central traits: cardinal traits interact with enrioment

Question 23

raymond cattell

Answer 23

factor analysis reduced 4000 descriptors to 16 “source traits”
16PF- (personality factor)
examples of traits in 16 PF:

• Warmth.
• Reasoning.
• Emotional stability.
• Dominance.
• Liveliness.
• Rule-consciousness.
• Social boldness.
• Sensitivity.

Question 24

big 5

Answer 24

CANOE/OCEAN

conscientiousness
agreeableness
neuroticism
openness to experience
extraversion

Question 25

projective tests

Answer 25

Interpretation of ambiguous stimuli to gain insight

Question 26

Hermann Rorschach

Answer 26

The Rorschach Inkblot test (created in the 1920s) Look at ambiguous ink blots and tell the therapist what you see. Provides insight into the way people process information and dominant themes in their lives

Question 27

The Thematic Apperception Test

Answer 27

Provocative pictures (provocative in the sense that you look at it and wonder what’s happening). Your description of what is taking place provides insights into you thought processes and dominant themes.

Question 28

Eclectic

Answer 28

Today therapists are aware of many perspectives and incorporate them into their therapeutic procedures as best fits the situation.