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Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopathology

A

The study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction

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2
Q

Historically

A

holes in skulls, imbalance of humors, demon possession

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3
Q

Medical model

A

psychopathology is an illness

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4
Q

Growth model

A

psychopathology is the blockage of important objectives (or at least starts there)

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5
Q

Statistical deviance

A

their behavior is very rare
* Elon Musk is statistically deviant—far wealthier than everyone else

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6
Q

norm deviance

A

their behavior differs significantly from cultural norms
* Frederic Douglass deviated from the norm of his day—didn’t think he should be a slave

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7
Q

Subjective discomfort or emotional distress

A
  • Some criminals experience no distress whatsoever over their criminal acts
  • All healthy people suffer severe distress sometimes with loss of a loved one or catastrophe
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8
Q

Inability to function in society

A
  • A person who cannot get along in a marriage
  • An extreme introvert who doesn’t enjoy much being around people
    inability to function in society (broad or narrow) almost always points to some serious problem.
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9
Q

five criteria in determining psychopathology

A
  • Thinking or behavior unusual
  • Violation of social norms
  • Behavior results is serious subjective discomfort
  • Thought processes are maladaptive, often resulting in inability to function
  • Thought processes cause the person to be dangerous to self or others
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10
Q

The biological model

A

Suggest that mental illness has biological or medical causes. Sometimes this is the case

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10
Q

The learning model

A

Skinner, Pavlov, Bandura: Through reinforcement, association and modeling we are conditioned into dysfunctional behavior.

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10
Q

Psychodynamic model

A

Freud is the champion here suggesting that repressed traumatic material is heavily implicated in mental illness.

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11
Q

The cognitive perspective

A

dysfunctional ways of viewing our world (false attributions, negative self talk) results in dysfunctional behavior.

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12
Q

The sociocultural perspective

A

Entire societies encourage dysfunction in subsets of the society (the untouchables in India, slaves in the Western hemisphere) or the entire society is dysfunctional (e.g., the horrors of the Nazi regime and the concentrations camps). Small segments of the society (such as the family unit) can also results in dysfunction.

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13
Q

The biopsychosocial perspective

A

“all of the above” Everything listed above may be a cause of psychopathology.

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14
Q

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

A

Bible” of psychological disorders
* Axis 1: The psychiatric disorders (includes about 80% of the total content of the book)
* Axil 2: The personality disorders (considered at the end of the chapter)
* Axis 3: Disorders due to medical causes
* Axis 4: Disorders due to environmental causes
* Axis 5: A guide to the severity of the disorder

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15
Q

Frequency of Mental Disorders

A

In the United States
* Overall—19%
* Women—22%
* Men—15%
* 18-25—26%
* 26-49—22%
* 50+—14%
* Hispanic—15%
* White—20%
* Black—16%
* Asian—15%
* Multi-racial—29%

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16
Q

Distribution based on wealth of the country

A

Across all types of disorders, the higher the wealth of the country the greater the incidence of disorders

The only exceptions:

Countries with low level of wealth are more likely to have more trouble with
* Alcohol use disorders
* Drug use
* Drug dependency

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17
Q

Labeling & David Rosenhan

A
  • Had himself and a number of Stanford graduate students admitted to a local mental institution complaining on schizophrenic-type symptoms
  • Once inside all participants acted completely normally
  • It took 59 days before the first participant was released with a “you don’t belong here”
  • Rosenhan had to explain the experiment before others were released
  • The text points out the impact of labeling on keeping the participants
  • It also points out the difficulty of diagnosing mental illness

The change-the-tire example

18
Q

Mood Disorders

A

Affect: the psychological term for “emotion” or “mood”

19
Q

Major depressive disorder:

A
  • The most frequently diagnosed mental disorder
  • Higher likelihood for high use of screen time, use of electronic devices, social media, reading news on the internet
  • Women more likely to be depressed, the effect seems to be lessening
  • Seasonal affect disorder
20
Q

Bipolar disorder:

A

(formerly manic-depressive disorder)
* Involves depressive incidents alternated with a “manic” phase (excessive excitement, energy and elation)
* No relationship between ADHD and bipolar disorder

21
Q

Causes of mood disorders

A
  • Learned helplessness
  • Catastrophizing
  • Negative self-defeating thoughts
  • Uncontrollable painful events
  • Adolescents more likely to be depressed
  • Some biological factors (brain chemicals)
  • Heredity factors
  • Prozac and Zoloft common medications to combat depression
22
Q

Free-floating anxiety:

A

A general feeling of disquiet without a specific cause

23
Q

Phobia

A

Fear of a specific object, situation, person, class of people. Example: fear of spiders, snakes, planes, heights, enclosed places

24
Q

Social anxiety disorder (social phobia):

A

Extreme anxiety in a social setting

25
Q

Claustrophobia

A

fear of enclosed places

26
Q

Acrophobia

A

Fear of heights

27
Q

Agoraphobia

A

no avenue for escape, often in the context of enclosed places

28
Q

Panic Attack

A

sudden onset of intense panic without a cueing object or event

29
Q

panic disorder

A

panic occurs repeatedly

30
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

When you experience high anxiety in many settings

31
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder:

A

obsession (dysfunctional repeating thoughts) and compulsion (obsessive behaviors) are different. They often occur in the same person.

32
Q

Acute stress disorder (ASD

A

a major stressor that results in symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, nightmares, sleep disturbances, and flashbacks

33
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD

A

re-experiencing, avoidance, hypervigilance about traumatic past events

34
Q

causes of anxiety disorders

A
  • Magnification: blow it out of proportion
  • All-or-nothing thinking: It’s hopeless, my life is over (based on the discover of a pimple that morning)
  • Overgeneralization: fail to realize that a particular area may be a problem, but not all areas
  • Minimization (of the positive): Stinkin’ thinking; focusing on the negatives
35
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Disorders in which there is a beak in conscious awareness, memory the sense of identity or some combination

36
Q

Dissociative amnesia and fugue

A

amnesia is a forgetting or important personal information. Fugue (flight) when a person wanders away and forgets their identity.

37
Q

Multiple Personality Disorder

A

a fine term that has been replaced by the ambiguous “Dissociative Identity Disorder”. When a single person has two or more specific identities in which one identity is unaware of the others.

Sibyl and Eve (the Three Faces of Eve starring Joann Woodward) the most famous cases. Both have major books and movies describing their situation.

38
Q

Personality Disorders

A

axis 2
I’m OK, it’s everyone else who is weird!

Personality Disorders are characterized by:
* The person initially seems quite normal
* Continued interaction with the person eventually destroys social relationships

39
Q
  • Paranoid Personality Disorder
A

never-ending suspicion

39
Q
  • Anti-social Personality Disorder:
A

never-ending disruption of normal social relationships

40
Q
  • Borderline Personality Disorder
A

unstable, moody, lacks a clear sense of identity, clings to others, self-destructive loneliness, disruptive anger.

41
Q
  • Dependent Personality Disorder:
A

also called codependence

42
Q

Schizophrenia

A

severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality

43
Q

symptoms of schizophernia

A
  • Psychotic: inability to distinguish reality from fantasy (I’m Charles Lindberg)
  • Delusions: false beliefs with no foundation in fact
  • Hallucinations: false sensory perceptions such as hearing voices or seeing false images
  • Flat affect: lack of emotional response
  • Catatonia: disturbing behaviors ranging from statue-like immobility to bursts of frenetic movement
  • Positive symptoms: extra or excessive behaviors (such as hallucinations)
  • Negative symptoms: absence of normal behaviors such as lack of emotions, or flat affect
44
Q

causes of schizophrenia

A
  • Without doubt a biological element
  • Inherited (see Power Point): Parents who are schizophrenic are more likely to have children who are schizophrenic
  • Stress-vulnerability model: Usually kicked off with a traumatic event typically late teens or early 20s
  • Identifiable brain abnormality: Exhaustive research over many decades has finally revealed slight differences in brain structure of schizophrenics
  • Novices watch children’s behavior one of whom later became schizophrenic: untrained adults could identify with almost 100% certainty which children, later in life, became schizophrenic

PY (13 decks)

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