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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

Study of behavior and mental processes (140 years old)

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2
Q

Structuralism

A

Experiences can be broken down into emotions and sensations
Wilhelm Wundt: objective introspection- objectively examining thoughts and mental activities
Edward Titchener: brought it to America
Margaret Washburn: first female to earn PhD in psych

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

How mind functions to survive
William James

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4
Q

Gestalt psych

A

“An organized whole” - look at whole not just parts; seek patterns in info
Max wertheimer

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5
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Behavior w/ no physical cause
Sigmund Freud: unconscious mind, repressed trauma, childhood experiences affect adult behavior; driven by sexual and aggressive urges that are modified by experiences

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6
Q

Behaviorism

A

Study of observable behavior; we are as we are conditioned
Ivan Pavlov: dogs salivating to bell; response can be condition by a new stimulus b/c we learn by association
John Watson: phobias can be learned; “little Albert”
Mary cover jones: reverse conditioning

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7
Q

Seven modern perspectives

A

Psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biopsychological, evolutionary

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8
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

We are as our instincts (modified by experiences) drive us
Freud: sense of self and motivation

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9
Q

Behavioral

A

We are as we are conditioned by association, rewards, and punishments
Operant conditioning: we are conditioned by our consequences
Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B. F. Skinner

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10
Q

Humanistic

A

We are the consequence of our choices and aspirations
Freedom of choice, responsibility and self-actualization
Carl Rodgers and Abraham Maslow

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11
Q

Cognitive

A

We are the product of our thought processes
We are as we construe the world
Progress when mind developed and body matures allows for such behaviors
Jean Piaget (#2) and George Kelly

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12
Q

Sociocultural

A

We are as our surrounding social and cultural environments dictate
Walter Mitchell and Philip zimbardo: Stanford prison experiment

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13
Q

Biospsychological

A

We are as our physiology determines
Brain, nervous system and neurotransmitter effect behavior

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14
Q

Evolutionary

A

We are a product of our ancestral past
We have characteristics that are universally shared with all humans
Charles Darwin (natural selection)

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15
Q

Psychologist

A

MA or PhD in psychology

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16
Q

Psychiatrist

A

MD that can prescribe drugs

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17
Q

Psychiatric Social Worker

A

Social worker with therapy methods that focuses on environmental impacts on people’s lives

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18
Q

Basic research

A

Form theories about behavior
Bystander effect, attribution theory, frustration-aggression hypothesis

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19
Q

Applied research

A

Immediate application of research/findings
Enhance learning awing COVID, increase productivity at work, enhance relational satisfaction w/ married couples

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20
Q

Caveat

A

Basic and applied research
A good theory can be applied in many different settings
Kurt lewis: “nothing so practical as a good theory”

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21
Q

Where psychologists work

A

Academic/medical school
Hospital
Government
Business
School psychologist

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22
Q

Critical thinking

A

Make reasoned judgements about claims
Function to understand objective reality

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23
Q

Truth

A

Most “truths” need to be subjective to testing
“Love is blind” and “opposites attract”
Only few don’t need testing (astrology)

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24
Q

Evidence

A

Evidence is not all equal in quality
Analyze samples to draw conclusions
Simple random sample: all members equally likely to be selected
Stratified random sampling: poIling in presidential election

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25
Q

Expert

A

Just because someone is an expert, doesn’t mean they are right

26
Q

Law of parsimony

A

The simplest explanation is always the best

27
Q

Open mind

A

Critical thinking requires an open mind
Balance of skepticism and willingness to consider possibility

28
Q

Scientific approach

A

System of gathering and analyzing data so bias and errors are minimized

29
Q

Goals of psychological research

A

Description: what is happening?
Explanation: why is it happening?
Prediction: when will it happen again?
Control: how can it be changed?

30
Q

Steps in the scientific approach

A

Perceive a question: “I wonder”
Form a hypothesis: “I expect” - from personal hutches or outgrowth of previous research
Test hypothesis: develop instruments and designs; survey or experiment
Draw conclusions: analyze collected data and see if hypothesis is supported
Report results/replicate: useful info and others can replicate experiment to test reliably of results

31
Q

Descriptive methods

A

Ways of Describing a population

32
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Participants unaware they are subjects
Pros: see participants actual behavior in environment
Cons: observer bias/effect, every environment is unique so observations may not hold

33
Q

Participant observation

A

Naturalistic observation
Observer becomes participant- “undercover agent”

34
Q

Laboratory observation

A

Experiment takes place in lab
Pros: controlled environment, specialized equipment
Cons: artificial environment may lead to artificial results

35
Q

Case study

A

Intense analysis of a single subject (multiple personality disorder)
Pros: immense detail and info
Cons: specific to the individual

36
Q

Survey

A

Series of questions answered by representative sample of population
Pros: study covert behaviors of a large number of people
Cons: courtesy bias, must ensure representative sample

37
Q

Population - sample dynamic

A

Sample drawn from population being studied

38
Q

Statistical inference

A

Drawing conclusions about a population from characteristics of sample

39
Q

Correlational research

A

Measuring what is

40
Q

Experiments

A

Manipulating variables to see if corresponding changes in behavior result
Cause and effect determination

41
Q

Correlation

A

Measure strength of relationship between two variables
Knowing one can help predict other

42
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

“r”
Represents direction and strength of relationship
-1 to +1

43
Q

Perfect correlation

A

-1 or +1; very strong relation

44
Q

Positive correlation

A

Direct relationship

45
Q

Negative correlation

A

Indirect relationship

46
Q

Strong correlation

A

Closer to -1 or +1

47
Q

Weak correlation

A

Closer to 0

48
Q

Zero correlation

A

No relationship; 0

49
Q

Problems of casualty

A

Correlation doesn’t prove causation

50
Q

Clear causation

A

One variable effects the other variable

51
Q

Ambiguous causation

A

Can’t tell which variable affects the other variable

52
Q

Selection of participants

A

Random selection/assignment producer best results

53
Q

Independent variable

A

Influencing variable

54
Q

Dependent variable

A

Influenced variable

55
Q

Experimental group

A

Group that experiences experimental manipulation

56
Q

Control group

A

Drop that doesn’t experience experimental manipulation
Placebo treatment

57
Q

Placebo effect

A

Person benefits b/c they are getting something

58
Q

Experimenter effect

A

Based results due to experimenter’s influence

59
Q

Single blind study

A

Participants don’t know what group they are in
Reduces placebo effect

60
Q

Double blind study

A

Participants and experimenter don’t know which group they are in
Reduces placebo effect and experimenter bias

61
Q

Ethics of psychological research

A

Value of study contrasted with well-being of participants
Informed choice
Justifiable deception
Participants may withdraw
Protected against risks
Debriefing
Confidentiality and anonymity
Negative consequences must be addressed

PY (13 decks)

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