Chapter 15 Flashcards
(39 cards)
Therapy
treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively
Therapy: (common sense view) helping people overcome problems and emotional distress by comforting, assisting, or advising them
psychotherapy
Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional
Eclectic
drawn from many sources”. In the context of therapy, it is common for therapists to draw from several different theoretical perspectives to generate the maximum benefit to their clients.
Broad categories of Psychotherapy
- Biomedical therapies: in the form of medications to assist
- Insight therapies: to help people gain insight into their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings
- Cognitive therapies: to help correct dysfunctional types of thinking
- Action therapy: to change dysfunctional behaviors directly
Insight therapies
Sigmund Freud (#3) (1856 – 1939): Psychoanalysis
Free association: the effort to externalize damaging material
Explore setting where it works and where it doesn’t work well
Dream interpretation:
* Latent content: meaning behind the symbols
* Manifest content: actual content of the dream
Resistance
The client often has difficulty opening up and sharing relevant information with the therapist
transference
For the client, feelings toward an individual in their life will be transferred to the therapist: Example: Love felt toward a former partner may be transferred to the therapist
Psychodynamic therapy
a more modern version of psychoanalysis, more direct
Carl Rogers (#6) (1902 – 1987): Person-centered therapy
Non-directive: a style of therapy in which the therapist remains relatively neutral (without interpretation or direct action). Drives some people insane because it moves so slowly
Carl Rogers is burdened with this title, but his mode of therapy was very much goal-directed. He would ask question to allow the client to come up with insights and answers through their own thought processes.
Authenticity
absolutely genuine in interactions with clients
Unconditional positive regard VERSUS conditions of worth
Unconditional positive regard means that I accept the person unconditionally even if I disagree with their choices. Conditions of worth mean that you accept a person . . . IF. “if you are nice to me” “if you tidy up your act” “if you believe the same thing that I do.”
Reflection
Responding to the individual in a way that they are reassured that they are heard.
Empathy
be able to experience the other person’s experiences. Think as they think, feel as they feel.
real and ideal self
The dynamic of working with The Real Self and the Ideal Self: In therapy identify the “real self”, that is, where exactly are you in your journey? Then you explore the “ideal self” where you would like to be or the image you would like to progress toward. Notice in class the extremely shy person who wants to interact normally in a social setting.
Fritz Perls
the founder of Gestalt therapy (he also played Santa Clause a lot at Christmas parties)
Similar to person-centered therapy but much more directive. Focuses on self-awareness and integration of the entire person, warts and all.
Behavior therapies
Action therapies based on the principles of classical & operant conditioning plus modeling to achieve their objectives
B. F. Skinner (#1) (1904 – 1990): Operant Conditioning
We are conditioned by the consequences of our behavior through reinforcement and punishment. In therapy systematically reward (for the desired behavior) or punish (for the negative behaviors) to effect permanent change
Ivan Pavlov (#24) (1849 – 1936): Classical Conditioning
We form associations that cue innate or previously-learned behavior. In therapy we work to form new associations that predict effective functioning. Can be used to eliminate the negative (Antabuse for alcoholics) and encourage positive (exercising is fun!) behaviors
Albert Bandura (#4) (1925 – 2021): Social Learning Theory
Accepts both classical and operant conditioning but adds observational learning, more commonly known as modeling. In therapy providing models for appropriate behavior can be greatly beneficial to those observing.
Systematic desensitization
sometimes known as “exposure therapy”
- Complete relaxation
- Hierarchy of fear-inducing stimuli
- Inclusion of a vicarious component (modeling) as the client makes progress
- Models demonstrate the safety of the feared stimulus
Flooding
the client is immersed in the fear inducing stimuli and not allowed to make the usual escape. Clearly this needs to be handled by experts and performed with great caution
Contingency contract
Contract with the therapist that rewards desirable behavior and/or punishes undesirable behavior. Black woman who wanted to kick her amphetamines addiction. She gave the therapist $1000 and every time she relapsed the therapist made a $50 contribution (out of her $1000) to the Ku Klux Klan.
Extinction
example with children. Extinct negative behavior by systematic rewarding of positive and systematic punishment of negative behavior.
Behavior activation
often used with depressives. Sitting there depressed is no solution. Often theraists will mandate certain daily activities to begin the move out of depression.
Cognitive Therapies
The focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replacing distorted unrealistic beliefs with more realistic helpful thoughts
