Chapter 15

Question 1

Therapy

Answer 1

treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively

Therapy: (common sense view) helping people overcome problems and emotional distress by comforting, assisting, or advising them

Question 2

psychotherapy

Answer 2

Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional

Question 3

Eclectic

Answer 3

drawn from many sources”. In the context of therapy, it is common for therapists to draw from several different theoretical perspectives to generate the maximum benefit to their clients.

Question 4

Broad categories of Psychotherapy

Answer 4

• Biomedical therapies: in the form of medications to assist
• Insight therapies: to help people gain insight into their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings
• Cognitive therapies: to help correct dysfunctional types of thinking
• Action therapy: to change dysfunctional behaviors directly

Question 5

Insight therapies

Answer 5

Sigmund Freud (#3) (1856 – 1939): Psychoanalysis

Free association: the effort to externalize damaging material
Explore setting where it works and where it doesn’t work well

Dream interpretation:
* Latent content: meaning behind the symbols
* Manifest content: actual content of the dream

Question 6

Resistance

Answer 6

The client often has difficulty opening up and sharing relevant information with the therapist

Question 7

transference

Answer 7

For the client, feelings toward an individual in their life will be transferred to the therapist: Example: Love felt toward a former partner may be transferred to the therapist

Question 8

Psychodynamic therapy

Answer 8

a more modern version of psychoanalysis, more direct

Carl Rogers (#6) (1902 – 1987): Person-centered therapy

Non-directive: a style of therapy in which the therapist remains relatively neutral (without interpretation or direct action). Drives some people insane because it moves so slowly

Carl Rogers is burdened with this title, but his mode of therapy was very much goal-directed. He would ask question to allow the client to come up with insights and answers through their own thought processes.

Question 9

Authenticity

Answer 9

absolutely genuine in interactions with clients

Question 10

Unconditional positive regard VERSUS conditions of worth

Answer 10

Unconditional positive regard means that I accept the person unconditionally even if I disagree with their choices. Conditions of worth mean that you accept a person . . . IF. “if you are nice to me” “if you tidy up your act” “if you believe the same thing that I do.”

Question 11

Reflection

Answer 11

Responding to the individual in a way that they are reassured that they are heard.

Question 12

Empathy

Answer 12

be able to experience the other person’s experiences. Think as they think, feel as they feel.

Question 13

real and ideal self

Answer 13

The dynamic of working with The Real Self and the Ideal Self: In therapy identify the “real self”, that is, where exactly are you in your journey? Then you explore the “ideal self” where you would like to be or the image you would like to progress toward. Notice in class the extremely shy person who wants to interact normally in a social setting.

Question 14

Fritz Perls

Answer 14

the founder of Gestalt therapy (he also played Santa Clause a lot at Christmas parties)

Similar to person-centered therapy but much more directive. Focuses on self-awareness and integration of the entire person, warts and all.

Question 15

Behavior therapies

Answer 15

Action therapies based on the principles of classical & operant conditioning plus modeling to achieve their objectives

Question 16

B. F. Skinner (#1) (1904 – 1990): Operant Conditioning

Answer 16

We are conditioned by the consequences of our behavior through reinforcement and punishment. In therapy systematically reward (for the desired behavior) or punish (for the negative behaviors) to effect permanent change

Question 17

Ivan Pavlov (#24) (1849 – 1936): Classical Conditioning

Answer 17

We form associations that cue innate or previously-learned behavior. In therapy we work to form new associations that predict effective functioning. Can be used to eliminate the negative (Antabuse for alcoholics) and encourage positive (exercising is fun!) behaviors

Question 18

Albert Bandura (#4) (1925 – 2021): Social Learning Theory

Answer 18

Accepts both classical and operant conditioning but adds observational learning, more commonly known as modeling. In therapy providing models for appropriate behavior can be greatly beneficial to those observing.

Question 19

Systematic desensitization

Answer 19

sometimes known as “exposure therapy”

• Complete relaxation
• Hierarchy of fear-inducing stimuli
• Inclusion of a vicarious component (modeling) as the client makes progress
• Models demonstrate the safety of the feared stimulus

Question 20

Flooding

Answer 20

the client is immersed in the fear inducing stimuli and not allowed to make the usual escape. Clearly this needs to be handled by experts and performed with great caution

Question 21

Contingency contract

Answer 21

Contract with the therapist that rewards desirable behavior and/or punishes undesirable behavior. Black woman who wanted to kick her amphetamines addiction. She gave the therapist $1000 and every time she relapsed the therapist made a $50 contribution (out of her $1000) to the Ku Klux Klan.

Question 22

Extinction

Answer 22

example with children. Extinct negative behavior by systematic rewarding of positive and systematic punishment of negative behavior.

Question 23

Behavior activation

Answer 23

often used with depressives. Sitting there depressed is no solution. Often theraists will mandate certain daily activities to begin the move out of depression.

Question 24

Cognitive Therapies

Answer 24

The focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replacing distorted unrealistic beliefs with more realistic helpful thoughts

Question 25

Aaron Beck (1921 – 2021): Cognitive Therapy

Answer 25

focus on distrotion of thinking

Question 26

• Arbitrary inference

Answer 26

Example: When a negative event occurs you always think it is your fault

Question 27

• Selective thinking

Answer 27

Example: I focus on negative events and ignore positive events

Question 28

• Overgeneralization

Answer 28

: Example: If I do poorly on one test assume that I will do badly on all tests.

Question 29

• Magnification/minimization

Answer 29

Example: I magnify the insult someone gave me and pay no attention to the reality that I am blessed in a thousand ways: I can see, I can hear, I am healthy, I live in a free country, etc.

Question 30

• Personalization

Answer 30

Example: Alabama loses to Georgia and I think it is my fault because I wasn’t at the game to cheer them on.

Question 31

Albert Ellis (1913 – 2007): Rational Emotive (Behavior) Therapy

Answer 31

Similar in content to Aaron Beck but Ellis was much more directive (even abrasive) in how he drew client’s attention to these dysfunctional forms of thinking.

Example: Woman who just experienced a devastating divorce comes to Ellis for counseling. These might be characteristic responses by Ellis to the woman:

very realistic to the point

Question 32

Group Therapies

Answer 32

Family counseling: Sometimes the family dynamic is neurotic and a therapist must work with the entire family to resolve their dysfunctional interactive behavior.

Question 33

self help groups

Answer 33

• Different settings of groups: Groups can be used for everything from learning better study techniques to resolving serious psychiatric disorders.
• Different objectives: As the setting for different groups varies, so the objectives will reflect those settings. Example: study more effectively; overcome depression; improve relationships
• Ideal size and duration: Varies from setting to setting but ideal for many groups is for 8-12 individuals to meet once a week for 15 weeks for about 1.5 hours.
• Setting personal goals: Almost all groups involve goal setting consistent with objectives of individual group members.
• The power of accountability: The power of groups is great because each week the other group members will know whether or not you did your weekly assignment.
• Support of others who share your struggle: Alcoholics Anonymous, Divorce Anonymous; it is often helpful to interact with others who share our struggle.

Question 34

antipsychotic drugs

Answer 34

treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior.

These drugs may be used for a limited duration, however, in the case of schizophrenics, they must be continued for life.

Example: Chlorpromazine

Question 35

Antianxiety drugs

Answer 35

drugs that calm a person and reduce anxiety

Examples: Xanax, Valium

Question 36

Mood stabilizing drugs

Answer 36

Widely used with bipolar patients to minimize mood swings

Example: Lithium

Question 37

Antidepressant drugs

Answer 37

used to elevate mood; the goal of therapy is to create a personal dynamic where the medications are not required anymore.

Examples: Elavil, Prozac, Zoloft.

Question 38

Electroconvulsive therapy

Answer 38

typically to treat cases of severe depression

Electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person’s head and an electric current is passed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion

Question 39

Psychosurgery

Answer 39

This one IS a relic of a barbaric past. Pre-frontal lobotomy (severing of nerve pathways in the prefrontal cortex) has been used to mellow out violently psychotic patients. The Oscar winning film starring Jack Nicholson One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, explores the issue of lobotomy.