Chapter 4 Tissues Flashcards
define tissue
a level of organization that consists of two or more types of cells that come together for a specific structure
what is histology
the study of tissues
what are the four types of tissues
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
define epithelial tissue
covers body surfaces
lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts
forms glands
what do we look at to classify tissues
cells
matrix (the extracellular material)
amount of space occupied by cells vs matrix
each different type of tissue has an embryological origin
what does that mean?
the cells of all types of tissues come from a very early layer of cells in the early embryo
after sperm fertilizes egg, the cells create three layers, what are they called
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
what comes from ectoderm
the openings to the outside
epidermis
nervous system
what comes from endoderm
lining epitheliel tissues of those tracts open to the outside
what comes from mesoderm
connective tissue
muscular system
what needs to happen to put tissue on a slide for observation
preserve it
slice it with a microtome
mount on slide with stain
what are the two types of epithelial tissue
covering and lining epithelium
glandular epithelium
what general parts of the body does the covering and lining epithelium form
outer covering of skin and internal organs
lines body cavities and interiors of systems that interact with the outside
what does the glandular epithelium tissue form
secreting portion of glands
list general characteristics of epithelial tissue
list four characteristics but don’t need to define them here
layer or layers of tightly packed cells
has an apical surface
is avascular
sits on a basement membrane
what is the apical surface
the surface of the cells that is exposed to the environment
what does it mean for tissue to be avascular
depends on underlying tissue for oxygen because it does not have blood vessels
what is the basement membrane
basal surface of cells at the bottom of the epithelial tissue and above the connective tissue
how is surface epithelium classified
by layers and shape of cells
what are the 3 types of classifying layers of surface epithelium
simple
pseudostratified
stratified
describe simple epithelium
a single layer of cells that all connect to the basement membrane
describe pseudostratified epithelium
a single layer of cells that all connect to the basement membrane, but the cells may be odd in shape
describe stratified epithelium
more than one layer of cells
what are the four shapes of cells when identifying epithelium
cuboidal
squamous
columnar
transitional
describe cuboidal epithelial cells
are as tall as they are wide and can be different shapes
describe squamous epitheliel cells
flat in shape
describe columnar epitheliel cells
taller columns in shape
how do squamous cells function
they allow substances to pass through them rapidly
how do cuboidal cells function
secretion or absorption
may have microvilli at the apical survace
how do columnar cells function
protect underlying tissues
apical surface may have cilia or microvilli
secretion and absorption
what is the shape of transitional cells
they change shape from flat to cuboidal and back to flat
what is the function of transitional cells
they help in areas of expansion like the bladder
name the four types of simple epithelium
simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar (ciliated and nonciliated)
simple pseudostratified columnar
name the four stratified types of epitheliel tissue
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
stratified columnar
transitional (relaxed state)
what is the function of simple squamous epithelium
where is it found
filtration, diffusion
heart/blood vessels
serous membranes thoracic and abdominal cavities
what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium
where is it found
secretion and absorption
ovaries, kidneys, eyes
what is the function of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
where is it found
secretion and absorption
gastrointestinal tract
what is the function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium
where is it found
mucus secreted by goblets traps foreign particles gathered by cilia
respiratory tract
what is the function of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
where is it found
absorption and secretion w/out cilia or goblet ducts
larger ducts of glands, male urethra
what is the function of the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
where is it found
goblets secrete mucus that traps foreign particles that the cilia sweeps away
upper respiratory tract
what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium
where is it found
where is nonkeratinized and keratinized located
protection; first line of defense against microbes
nonkeratinized lines mouth
keratinized foms epidermis
what is the function of the stratified cuboidal epithelium
where is it found
protection
limited secretion and absorption
sweat glands, male urethra
what is the function of the stratified columnar epithelium
and where is it found
protection and secretion
male urethra and large excretory ducts of some glands
what is the function of the transitional epithelium
where is it located
allows urinary bladder to stretch to hold urine
what is a gland
single cell or group of epithelial cells for secretion
what does an endocrine gland do
secretes hormones into interstitial fluid and then blood
what are exocrine glands and what do they do
mucous, sweat, oil, and digestive
secrete into ducts or onto a free surface
are connective tissue widely spaced or tightly packed
widely spaced
what is the matrix of connective tissue
all the area surrounding the tissue cells
what are fibers and ground substance a part of in connective tissue
the matrix
is connective tissue the most abundant and variable type of tissue in the body?
yes
does connective tissue connect organs to each other
yes
does connective tissue support and protect?
yes
does connective tissue store energy and produce heat?
yes
does connective tissue assist with movement and transport of materials in the body?
yes
where are fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts found?
connective tissue
does our connective tissue come from the mesoderm, ecoderm or endoderm?
mesoderm
where are collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers found
connective tissue
are collagen fibers tough or weak
tough
are collagen fibers stretchy or flexible
flexible, they resist stretching
list three examples of collagen fibers
tendons
ligaments
deep layer of skin
do elastic fibers stretch and recoil?
yes
what protein are elastic fibers made of
elastin
are reticular fibers a type of collagen?
yes
are reticular fibers stronger than collagen? why
yes becaues they are coated with a glycoprotein
what are the four categories of connective tissue called
connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood
what kind of connective tissue is categorized as loose and dense?
connective tissue proper
what kind of connective tissue is categorized as hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic
cartilage
is connective tissue proper fibrous
yes
is cartilage fibrous
no
what tissue is the gel-like ground substance a significant portion of
loose connective tissue proper
what are areolar, retiular, and adipose tissue part of
loose connective tissue proper
what connective tissue is really dense with fibers
dense connective tissue proper
name two types of dense connective tissue proper
dense regular
dense irregular
