Chapter 13 Endocrine System

Question 1

Where do exocrine glands secrete their hormones?

Answer 1

Into capillaries into the bloodstream

Question 2

Do endocrine glands effect the body intracellularly or extracellularly?

Answer 2

intracellularly

Question 3

Explain what a target cell is and what it means for hormones in the body.

Answer 3

Hormones will only interact with target cells that are designated to interact with that hormone. The cell will have protein receptors for that hormone.

Question 4

What happens to hormone receptors on a cell during up-regulation?

Answer 4

More receptors become available to process more of the hormone when the hormone concentration is low and needs to be increased.

Question 5

What happens to hormone receptors on down-regulation.

Answer 5

Fewer hormone receptors in the cell are available to receive hormones when the hormone levels are high and need to be reduced.

Question 6

What type of hormone doesn’t enter the bloodstream and only effects nearby target cells?

Answer 6

paracrines
(local hormones)

Question 7

What type of hormone acts on the same cell it secreted from?

Answer 7

autocrines

Question 8

What are some intracellular effects to hormones?

Answer 8

• synthesis of new molecules
• changing permeability of the cell membrane
• stimulating transport of a substance into or out of the cell
• altering the rate of metabolic actions
• causing contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle

Question 9

What are the steps that happen for a hormone to clear the system?

Answer 9

hormone signals turned off
processed by liver and kidney
excreted in bile or urine

Question 10

What soluble items are hormones made of?

Answer 10

lipids
water

Question 11

What types of hormones are lipid-soluble?

Answer 11

steroid
thyroid
nitric oxide

Question 12

What type of hormones are water-soluble?

Answer 12

amine
peptide
protein
eicosanoid

Question 13

Does the water-soluble or lipid-soluble hormone circulate freely in the plasm?

Answer 13

water-soluble

Question 14

How do lipid-soluble hormones circulate in the blood?

Answer 14

attached to transport proteins

Question 15

Are lipid-soluble proteins hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

What does the answer mean for crossing the lipid bylayer of the cell membrane?

Answer 15

hydrophobic

can cross lipid membrane unassisted

Question 16

What do lipid-soluble hormones bind to after they cross the lipid bilayer?

Answer 16

intracellular receptor

Question 17

Do water-soluble hormones pass through the lipid byler?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

What do water-soluble hormones attach to when they reach the cell membrane?

Answer 18

a surface receptor
(extracellular receptor)

Question 19

Explain the 2nd messenger system

What is a common 2nd messenger?

Answer 19

The water-soluble hormone binds to an extracellular receptor. This is the first messenger.

Then a chemical reaction triggers a second messenger inside the cell

cAMP (cyclic AMP)

Question 20

How a target cell responds to a hormone is based on:

Answer 20

• the hormone’s concentration in the blood
• the number and type of hormone receptors on the target cell
• influences from other hormones

Question 21

What is the synergistic effect?

Answer 21

a hormone works more effectively when accompanied by another hormone

Question 22

what is the antagonistic effect?

Answer 22

hormones oppose the action of another hormone

Question 23

What are the three different ways hormones are stimulated and hormone secretion is regulated?

Answer 23

(neural stimulus) signals from the nervous system
(humoral stimulus) chemical changes in the blood
(hormonal stimulus) other hormones

Question 24

What body part controls the pituitary gland?

Answer 24

hypothalamas

Question 25

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

Answer 25

hypophysis

Question 26

How does the pituitary gland attach to the hypothalamus?

Answer 26

by the infundibulum

Question 27

Where does the pituitary gland sit in the skull?

Answer 27

in the sella turcica

Question 28

What are the two glands of the pituitary (hypophysis) called?

Answer 28

adenohypophysis neurohyphosysis

Question 29

Which pituitary gland is the anterior gland?

Answer 29

adenohypophysis

Question 30

Which pituitary gland is the posterior gland?

Answer 30

neurohypophysis

Question 31

Is the anterior (adenohypophysis) or posterior (neurohypophysis) larger?

Answer 31

anterior adenohypophysis

Question 32

How many hormones does the anterior lobe secrete?

Answer 32

7

Question 33

How many hormones does the poterior lobe secrete?

Answer 33

Two

Question 34

How is the anterior pituitary stimulated?

Answer 34

By hormones secreted from the hypothalams

Question 35

How does the stimulation from the hypothalamas reach the anterior (adenohypophysis) pituitary?

Answer 35

through capillary network called the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal

Question 36

Describe a hypothalamic pituitary axis

Question 37

What are the two types of growth hormone?

Answer 37

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) grown hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Question 38

What is insulin like growth factor (IGF)

Answer 38

a small protein hormone that is created by body tissues in response to growth hormone

Question 39

What is the difference between indirect and direct actions initiated by growth hormone?

Answer 39

indirect is growth promoting direct is metabolic, anti-insulin effects promoting

Question 40

What are the 6 hormones released by the anterior (adenohypophsis) pituitary?

Answer 40

human growth hormone (hGH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) prolactin (PRL) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 41

What does the thyroid-stimulating (TSH) hormone do?

Answer 41

stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

Question 42

what does follicle-stimulating (FSH) hormone do in females and males?

Answer 42

females: development of oocytes and secretion of estrogen by ovaries males: stimulates testes to produce sperm

Question 43

What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do in females and males?

Answer 43

females: stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone, ovulation males: stimulates testes produce testosterone

Question 44

what does the prolactin (PL) hormone do?

Answer 44

milk production by mammary glands

Question 45

What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?

Answer 45

stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by the adrenal cortex

Question 46

What two hormones does the posterior (neurohypophysis) pituitary release once produced by the hypothalamas?

Answer 46

oxytocin ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Question 47

What does oxytocin do?

Answer 47

stimulates contracts of smooth muscle for child birth and milk release

Question 48

What does antidiuretic hormond (ADH) do?

Answer 48

conserves body water by decreasing urine output, through sweating and constricting arterioles

Question 49

Which pituitary is a neural extension of the hypothalams?

Answer 49

posterior neurohypophysis

Question 50

What is the tract that connects the hypothalamas axons with the posterior pituitary?

Answer 50

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

Question 51

What do osmoreceptors do?

Answer 51

receive information about the status of blood volume an dehydration in the body and delivers it to the hypothalamas

Question 52

What are the two lobes of the thyroid gland conntected by?

Answer 52

isthmus

Question 53

What is the path of thyroid stimulating and releasing hormones?

Answer 53

TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamas stimulates TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) from the pituitary, which stimulates the release of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

Question 54

What are the cells that secrete thyroid hormone called?

Answer 54

follicular

Question 55

What do parafollicular (c) cells in the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 55

calcitonin in response to hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the blood)

Question 56

What type of endocrine gland stimulus is the parafollicular function?

Answer 56

humoral - related directly to blood concentration

Question 57

what type of endocrine gland stimulus is TSH function?

Answer 57

hormonal

Question 58

What are the functions of the thyroid hormone?

Answer 58

increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) maintain body temp stimulate protein synthesis increase ATP production upregulate B receptors accelerate body growth

Question 59

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Answer 59

back of thyroid

Question 60

How many parathyroid glands are there?

Answer 60

four two on each lobe of the thyroid

Question 61

What does the parathyroid release?

Answer 61

PTH parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in response to high blood calcium levels to help calcium absorption

Question 62

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 62

on top of each kidney

Question 63

What is the sympathoadrenal system (adrenal medulla)?

Answer 63

responds to a sympathetic nerve stimulation to release catecholemines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) into the bloodstream

Question 64

What is the inner portion of the adrenal gland called?

Answer 64

adrenal medulla

Question 65

what is the outer portion of the adrenal gland called?

Answer 65

adrenal cortex

Question 66

Name the three layers of the adrenal cortex from outside in

Answer 66

zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis

Question 67

name the pink layer

Answer 67

adrenal cortex

Question 68

name pink layer

Answer 68

adrenal medulla

Question 69

name the pink region what does it do?

Answer 69

zona glomerulosa secretes hormones called mineralocorticoids to regulate mineral homeostatis for sodium and potassium

Question 70

name the pink region what does it do?

Answer 70

zona fasciculata secretes hormones called clucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) for glucose homeostasis

Question 71

name the pink region

Answer 71

zona reticularis releases androgens (DHEA) that is converted to testosterone (male hormones). in females this gets converted to estrogen and main source of estrogen release after menopause

Question 72

Explain the path of CRH to ACTH to glucocorticoids

Answer 72

hypothalamas anterior (adenyhypophysis) pituitary zona fasciculata in adrenal gland

Question 73

What is the major mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal gland and what is it for?

Answer 73

aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium homeostasis water balance blood pressure