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Anatomy Archives > Chapter 13 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Where do exocrine glands secrete their hormones?

A

Into capillaries into the bloodstream

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2
Q

Do endocrine glands effect the body intracellularly or extracellularly?

A

intracellularly

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3
Q

Explain what a target cell is and what it means for hormones in the body.

A

Hormones will only interact with target cells that are designated to interact with that hormone. The cell will have protein receptors for that hormone.

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4
Q

What happens to hormone receptors on a cell during up-regulation?

A

More receptors become available to process more of the hormone when the hormone concentration is low and needs to be increased.

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5
Q

What happens to hormone receptors on down-regulation.

A

Fewer hormone receptors in the cell are available to receive hormones when the hormone levels are high and need to be reduced.

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6
Q

What type of hormone doesn’t enter the bloodstream and only effects nearby target cells?

A

paracrines
(local hormones)

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7
Q

What type of hormone acts on the same cell it secreted from?

A

autocrines

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8
Q

What are some intracellular effects to hormones?

A
  • synthesis of new molecules
  • changing permeability of the cell membrane
  • stimulating transport of a substance into or out of the cell
  • altering the rate of metabolic actions
  • causing contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle
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9
Q

What are the steps that happen for a hormone to clear the system?

A

hormone signals turned off
processed by liver and kidney
excreted in bile or urine

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10
Q

What soluble items are hormones made of?

A

lipids
water

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11
Q

What types of hormones are lipid-soluble?

A

steroid
thyroid
nitric oxide

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12
Q

What type of hormones are water-soluble?

A

amine
peptide
protein
eicosanoid

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13
Q

Does the water-soluble or lipid-soluble hormone circulate freely in the plasm?

A

water-soluble

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14
Q

How do lipid-soluble hormones circulate in the blood?

A

attached to transport proteins

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15
Q

Are lipid-soluble proteins hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

What does the answer mean for crossing the lipid bylayer of the cell membrane?

A

hydrophobic

can cross lipid membrane unassisted

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16
Q

What do lipid-soluble hormones bind to after they cross the lipid bilayer?

A

intracellular receptor

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17
Q

Do water-soluble hormones pass through the lipid byler?

A

No

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18
Q

What do water-soluble hormones attach to when they reach the cell membrane?

A

a surface receptor
(extracellular receptor)

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19
Q

Explain the 2nd messenger system

What is a common 2nd messenger?

A

The water-soluble hormone binds to an extracellular receptor. This is the first messenger.

Then a chemical reaction triggers a second messenger inside the cell

cAMP (cyclic AMP)

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20
Q

How a target cell responds to a hormone is based on:

A
  • the hormone’s concentration in the blood
  • the number and type of hormone receptors on the target cell
  • influences from other hormones
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21
Q

What is the synergistic effect?

A

a hormone works more effectively when accompanied by another hormone

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22
Q

what is the antagonistic effect?

A

hormones oppose the action of another hormone

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23
Q

What are the three different ways hormones are stimulated and hormone secretion is regulated?

A

(neural stimulus) signals from the nervous system
(humoral stimulus) chemical changes in the blood
(hormonal stimulus) other hormones

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24
Q

What body part controls the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamas

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25
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

hypophysis

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26
Q

How does the pituitary gland attach to the hypothalamus?

A

by the infundibulum

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27
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit in the skull?

A

in the sella turcica

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28
Q

What are the two glands of the pituitary (hypophysis) called?

A

adenohypophysis
neurohyphosysis

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29
Q

Which pituitary gland is the anterior gland?

A

adenohypophysis

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30
Q

Which pituitary gland is the posterior gland?

A

neurohypophysis

31
Q

Is the anterior (adenohypophysis) or posterior (neurohypophysis) larger?

A

anterior
adenohypophysis

32
Q

How many hormones does the anterior lobe secrete?

A

7

33
Q

How many hormones does the poterior lobe secrete?

A

Two

34
Q

How is the anterior pituitary stimulated?

A

By hormones secreted from the hypothalams

35
Q

How does the stimulation from the hypothalamas reach the anterior (adenohypophysis) pituitary?

A

through capillary network called the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal

36
Q

Describe a hypothalamic pituitary axis

A
37
Q

What are the two types of growth hormone?

A

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

grown hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

38
Q

What is insulin like growth factor (IGF)

A

a small protein hormone that is created by body tissues in response to growth hormone

39
Q

What is the difference between indirect and direct actions initiated by growth hormone?

A

indirect is growth promoting

direct is metabolic, anti-insulin effects promoting

40
Q

What are the 6 hormones released by the anterior (adenohypophsis) pituitary?

A

human growth hormone (hGH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
prolactin (PRL)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

41
Q

What does the thyroid-stimulating (TSH) hormone do?

A

stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

42
Q

what does follicle-stimulating (FSH) hormone do in females and males?

A

females: development of oocytes and secretion of estrogen by ovaries

males: stimulates testes to produce sperm

43
Q

What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do in females and males?

A

females: stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone, ovulation

males: stimulates testes produce testosterone

44
Q

what does the prolactin (PL) hormone do?

A

milk production by mammary glands

45
Q

What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?

A

stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by the adrenal cortex

46
Q

What two hormones does the posterior (neurohypophysis) pituitary release once produced by the hypothalamas?

A

oxytocin
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

47
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

stimulates contracts of smooth muscle for child birth and milk release

48
Q

What does antidiuretic hormond (ADH) do?

A

conserves body water by decreasing urine output, through sweating and constricting arterioles

49
Q

Which pituitary is a neural extension of the hypothalams?

A

posterior
neurohypophysis

50
Q

What is the tract that connects the hypothalamas axons with the posterior pituitary?

A

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

51
Q

What do osmoreceptors do?

A

receive information about the status of blood volume an dehydration in the body and delivers it to the hypothalamas

52
Q

What are the two lobes of the thyroid gland conntected by?

A

isthmus

53
Q

What is the path of thyroid stimulating and releasing hormones?

A

TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamas stimulates TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) from the pituitary, which stimulates the release of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

54
Q

What are the cells that secrete thyroid hormone called?

A

follicular

55
Q

What do parafollicular (c) cells in the thyroid gland produce?

A

calcitonin in response to hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the blood)

56
Q

What type of endocrine gland stimulus is the parafollicular function?

A

humoral - related directly to blood concentration

57
Q

what type of endocrine gland stimulus is TSH function?

A

hormonal

58
Q

What are the functions of the thyroid hormone?

A

increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)
maintain body temp
stimulate protein synthesis
increase ATP production
upregulate B receptors
accelerate body growth

59
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

back of thyroid

60
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

four
two on each lobe of the thyroid

61
Q

What does the parathyroid release?

A

PTH
parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in response to high blood calcium levels to help calcium absorption

62
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

on top of each kidney

63
Q

What is the sympathoadrenal system (adrenal medulla)?

A

responds to a sympathetic nerve stimulation to release catecholemines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) into the bloodstream

64
Q

What is the inner portion of the adrenal gland called?

A

adrenal medulla

65
Q

what is the outer portion of the adrenal gland called?

A

adrenal cortex

66
Q

Name the three layers of the adrenal cortex from outside in

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

67
Q

name the pink layer

A

adrenal cortex

68
Q

name pink layer

A

adrenal medulla

69
Q

name the pink region

what does it do?

A

zona glomerulosa

secretes hormones called mineralocorticoids to regulate mineral homeostatis for sodium and potassium

70
Q

name the pink region

what does it do?

A

zona fasciculata

secretes hormones called clucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) for glucose homeostasis

71
Q

name the pink region

A

zona reticularis

releases androgens (DHEA) that is converted to testosterone (male hormones).

in females this gets converted to estrogen and main source of estrogen release after menopause

72
Q

Explain the path of CRH to ACTH to glucocorticoids

A

hypothalamas
anterior (adenyhypophysis) pituitary
zona fasciculata in adrenal gland

73
Q

What is the major mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal gland and what is it for?

A

aldosterone
regulates sodium and potassium homeostasis
water balance
blood pressure

74
Q
A

Anatomy Archives (34 decks)

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