Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
Define Anatomy
the study of form and structure of the human body
Define physiology
how body parts work and function
Name the 6 levels of organization in the body
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
system
organismal
What is the chemical level comprised of
Atoms and molecules
Define atom
the smallest unit of matter
Define molecule
two or more atoms combined
Define what happens at the cellular level
molecules combine to make structures
what happens to cells at the tissue level?
cells join to form tissue
Define tissue
cells and material surrounding the cell that work together for a particular function
what happens to tissue at the organ level?
tissues join together to make body structures/organs
explain the structure of an organ
organs have a specific shape and are made of two or more different types of tissues
what happens with organs at the system level
organs work together to form a specific function
explain the organismal level
all of the systems combine to make up the human being, one whole organism
what are the nine life processes for humans
mantaining boundaries inside and outside the body
digestion
excretion
metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction
define metabolism
the sum of all chemical processes in the body
define responsiveness
our body detects changes in our environment and reacts accordingly
define movement
all motion that exists in the body from the cells to the organs
define growth
an increase in body size due to…
an increase in size of existing cells
an increase in the number of cells
an increase in the material surrounding the cells
define differentiation
the process of unspecialized cells becoming specialized cells
define reproduction
growth, repair, or replacement of the existing human body OR the creation of a new human
define homeostasis
the process by which the body’s internal environment remains the same regardless of other changes inside or outside the body
extracellular fluid
the internal environment of the body, which makes up the fluid that surrounds cells
define a feedback system
a cycle of occurrences in the body where a system is constantly monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, changed and so on.
explain a controlled condition in the human body
a controlled condition is anything that should remain stable in the body
what is a stimulus in a controlled condition
stimulus is something that disrupts the controlled condition and causes a change
what are the three main components of a feedback system?
receptor
control center
effector
what does the receptor do in a feedback system
receptors monitor the controlled condition and send feedback to the control center
what does the control center do in a feedback system
the control center receives feedback from the receptor and provides chemical signals to the effector
what does the effector do in a feedback system
the effector causes the required change to occur to return to homeostasis
define a negative feedback system
reverses the change in a controlled condition caused by a stimulus
define a positive feedback system
strengthens or reinforces a change in the controlled condition
define disorder
a malfunction in the body
define disease
a specific term for an illness identified by its symptoms
define symptom
changes in body function that cannot be seen
define signs
changes in body function that can be seen or measured
define aging
a process whereby it becomes more difficult for the body to restore homeostasis
Explain complementarity
when you look at the structure of something, you gain insight into how it works
name the four subdivision of anatomy
gross
regional
system
microscopic
what is the study of gross anatomy
studying things you can see with the naked eye
what is the study of regional anatomy
the study of one area or region of the body at a time
what is the study of system anatomy? provide an example of a system.
the study of one system of the body at a time.
cardiovascular
what is the study of microscopic anatomy
the study of things you cannot see with the naked eye. microscopes are needed.
name three types of microscopic anatomy
cytology
histology
developmental anatomy
what is cytology the study of? And is it microscopic or gross?
microscopic study of cells
what is histology the study of? is it microscopic or gross?
microscopic study of tissues
what does developmental anatomy study? is it microscopic or gross? provide an example.
microscopic study of physiological and anatomical development through different stages of life.
example is embryology, the study of fetal development.
what are the two subdivision of physiology
can be based on one organ system
can be studied microscopically and at the chemical level and molecular level
what structures exist at the cellular level
organelles
smooth muscle
what is the smallest unit of structure that is living?
cells
what is an example of a structure at the tissue level?
blood vessel
what are the components of a blood vessel
epithelial tissue
smooth muscle tissue
outer layer of connective tissue
what is epithelial tissue
it lines an open surface, space, or tube
what is smooth muscle tissue
muscle cells that contract to increase or decrease flow
what is connective tissue
protective layer of tissue on the outside
define digestion
our bodies bring in nutrients, break them down, absorbe them, and use them
define excretion
we eliminate waste products through the digestive system and urinary system
name the 11 principal body systems
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Describe what makes up the Integumentary System and its primary purpose
Integumantary system is comprised of the skin as well as hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands.
Helps regulate body temperature; protects the body; eliminates waste; helps make Vit D; detects sensations and temperatures; stores fat for insulation
Describe what makes up the skeletal system and its functions
Skeletal system is made of bones, joints, and cartilage
Provides support for muscles and body parts; protects organs; stores minerals and lipds; assists with body movements
Describe what makes up the Muscular System and its functions
Muscular system is made of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and involuntary muscle
Body movements such as walking, maintaining posture, and producing heat
Describe what makes up the Nervous System and its functions
Made of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears
Major coordination control system of our body
Receives and sends messages to respond to changes
Describe what makes up the Endocrine System and its functions
Glands and tissues that use chemical signals, called hormones, through the bloodsteam
It’s a communication system
Describe what makes up the Cardiovascular System and its functions
Made of blood, heart, and blood vessels
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries nutrients and oxygen and waste; blood helps defend against disease and damage
Describe what makes up the Lymphatic System and its functions
Made of lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that are responsible for immune response
Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains mature immune cells for protecting against disease
Describe what makes up the Respiratory System and its functions
Made of lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice), trachia (windpipe), bronchial tubes
Transfers oxygen to the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood; helps regulate acidity of body fluids; air flow that produces sounds through vocal cords
Describe what makes up the Digestive System and its functions
comprised of organs in the gastrointestinal tract, including mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum; digestive organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
brings and breaks down food and nutrients for the body; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid waste
Describe what makes up the Urinary System and its functions
comprised of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates waste from blood; helps regulate acid-base balance body fluids; maintain’s body’s mineral balance; helps regulate red blood cell production
Describe what makes up the Reproductive System and its functions
comprised of gonads (testes and ovaries) and associated organs; uterine (fallopian)tubes, uterus, vagina (females); epididymis, ducts (vas) deferens, and penis (males); mammary glands
produce sperm and eggs that form a new human, release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; transport/store eggs and sperm; produce milk in mammories
define distal
farther away from the attachment of the limb to the trunk
define proximal
closer to where the limb attaches to the trunk
explain the direction of superior and what else is it called?
superior is up towards the head.
also called cranial
explain the direction of inferior and what else is it called?
inferior is down, away from the head and towards the feet.
also called caudal.
what is the front of the body referred to
anterior
what is the anterior side of the body also called
ventral, which is the soft belly part
what is the back side of the body called
posterior
what is the posterior side of the body also called
think of the back of a shark or dolphin
dorsal, which is the spine side
what is the midline (center) of the body called
medial
what is the peripheral of the body called?
lateral
list the three planes for dividing the body
frontal
transverse
sagittal
what is another name for the frontal plane
coronal
list the 3 main body cavities
dorsal
thoracic
abdominopelvic
name the two sub cavities of the dorsal body cavity
cranial cavity
vertebral canal
name the three sub cavities of the thoracic cavity
pleural cavity
pericardial cavity
mediastinum
name the two sub cavities of the abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
what is another name for organ
viscera
what is the mediastinum
what organs does it contain
an anatomical region above the heart and between the lungs
heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
what muscle separates the thoracic from the abdominopelvic cavity
diaphragm
what are the two layers of the membrane that surrounds the space of the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
which is one the outside and which is on the inser?
parietal (outside)
visceral (inside)
what is the purpose of the parietal and visceral fluid
surrounds the cavities and allows for movement to avoid friction and heat
what does the cranial cavity contain
brain
what does the vertebral canal contain
spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves
what does the pleural cavity contain
fluid sac aroud the lungs
what does the pericardial cavity contain
fluid sac around the heart
what does the abdominal cavity contain
stomach, spleen,liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine
what does the pelvic cavity contain
urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, reproductive organs
name the four abdominopelvic quadrants
Upper Right Q
Lower Right Q
Upper Left Q
Lower Left Q
what does the upper right quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity contain
right lobe of liver
gallbladder
what does the upper left quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity contain
left lobe of liver
spleen
stomach
transvere colon
what does the lower right quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity contain
ascending colon
small intestine
cecum
appendix
what does the lower left quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity contain
descending colon
urinary bladder
Anatomical Name
Head
Cephalic
Anatomical Name
Skull
Cranial
Anatomical Name
Face
Facial
Anatomical Name
Neck
Cervical
Anatomical Name
Forehead
Frontal
Anatomical Name
Temple
Temporal
Anatomical Name
Eye
two possible names
Oribital or Ocular
Anatomical Name
Ear
Otic
