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Anatomy Archives > Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

the study of form and structure of the human body

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

how body parts work and function

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3
Q

Name the 6 levels of organization in the body

A

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
system
organismal

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4
Q

What is the chemical level comprised of

A

Atoms and molecules

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5
Q

Define atom

A

the smallest unit of matter

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6
Q

Define molecule

A

two or more atoms combined

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7
Q

Define what happens at the cellular level

A

molecules combine to make structures

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8
Q

what happens to cells at the tissue level?

A

cells join to form tissue

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9
Q

Define tissue

A

cells and material surrounding the cell that work together for a particular function

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10
Q

what happens to tissue at the organ level?

A

tissues join together to make body structures/organs

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11
Q

explain the structure of an organ

A

organs have a specific shape and are made of two or more different types of tissues

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12
Q

what happens with organs at the system level

A

organs work together to form a specific function

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13
Q

explain the organismal level

A

all of the systems combine to make up the human being, one whole organism

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14
Q

what are the nine life processes for humans

A

mantaining boundaries inside and outside the body
digestion
excretion
metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction

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15
Q

define metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical processes in the body

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16
Q

define responsiveness

A

our body detects changes in our environment and reacts accordingly

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17
Q

define movement

A

all motion that exists in the body from the cells to the organs

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18
Q

define growth

A

an increase in body size due to…
an increase in size of existing cells
an increase in the number of cells
an increase in the material surrounding the cells

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19
Q

define differentiation

A

the process of unspecialized cells becoming specialized cells

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20
Q

define reproduction

A

growth, repair, or replacement of the existing human body OR the creation of a new human

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21
Q

define homeostasis

A

the process by which the body’s internal environment remains the same regardless of other changes inside or outside the body

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22
Q

extracellular fluid

A

the internal environment of the body, which makes up the fluid that surrounds cells

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23
Q

define a feedback system

A

a cycle of occurrences in the body where a system is constantly monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, changed and so on.

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24
Q

explain a controlled condition in the human body

A

a controlled condition is anything that should remain stable in the body

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25
Q

what is a stimulus in a controlled condition

A

stimulus is something that disrupts the controlled condition and causes a change

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26
Q

what are the three main components of a feedback system?

A

receptor
control center
effector

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27
Q

what does the receptor do in a feedback system

A

receptors monitor the controlled condition and send feedback to the control center

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28
Q

what does the control center do in a feedback system

A

the control center receives feedback from the receptor and provides chemical signals to the effector

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29
Q

what does the effector do in a feedback system

A

the effector causes the required change to occur to return to homeostasis

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30
Q

define a negative feedback system

A

reverses the change in a controlled condition caused by a stimulus

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31
Q

define a positive feedback system

A

strengthens or reinforces a change in the controlled condition

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32
Q

define disorder

A

a malfunction in the body

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33
Q

define disease

A

a specific term for an illness identified by its symptoms

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34
Q

define symptom

A

changes in body function that cannot be seen

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35
Q

define signs

A

changes in body function that can be seen or measured

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36
Q

define aging

A

a process whereby it becomes more difficult for the body to restore homeostasis

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37
Q

Explain complementarity

A

when you look at the structure of something, you gain insight into how it works

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38
Q
A
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39
Q

name the four subdivision of anatomy

A

gross
regional
system
microscopic

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40
Q

what is the study of gross anatomy

A

studying things you can see with the naked eye

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41
Q

what is the study of regional anatomy

A

the study of one area or region of the body at a time

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42
Q

what is the study of system anatomy? provide an example of a system.

A

the study of one system of the body at a time.

cardiovascular

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43
Q

what is the study of microscopic anatomy

A

the study of things you cannot see with the naked eye. microscopes are needed.

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44
Q

name three types of microscopic anatomy

A

cytology
histology
developmental anatomy

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45
Q

what is cytology the study of? And is it microscopic or gross?

A

microscopic study of cells

46
Q

what is histology the study of? is it microscopic or gross?

A

microscopic study of tissues

47
Q

what does developmental anatomy study? is it microscopic or gross? provide an example.

A

microscopic study of physiological and anatomical development through different stages of life.

example is embryology, the study of fetal development.

48
Q

what are the two subdivision of physiology

A

can be based on one organ system

can be studied microscopically and at the chemical level and molecular level

49
Q

what structures exist at the cellular level

A

organelles
smooth muscle

50
Q

what is the smallest unit of structure that is living?

A

cells

51
Q

what is an example of a structure at the tissue level?

A

blood vessel

52
Q

what are the components of a blood vessel

A

epithelial tissue
smooth muscle tissue
outer layer of connective tissue

53
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

it lines an open surface, space, or tube

54
Q

what is smooth muscle tissue

A

muscle cells that contract to increase or decrease flow

55
Q

what is connective tissue

A

protective layer of tissue on the outside

56
Q
A
57
Q

define digestion

A

our bodies bring in nutrients, break them down, absorbe them, and use them

58
Q

define excretion

A

we eliminate waste products through the digestive system and urinary system

59
Q

name the 11 principal body systems

A

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

60
Q

Describe what makes up the Integumentary System and its primary purpose

A

Integumantary system is comprised of the skin as well as hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands.

Helps regulate body temperature; protects the body; eliminates waste; helps make Vit D; detects sensations and temperatures; stores fat for insulation

61
Q

Describe what makes up the skeletal system and its functions

A

Skeletal system is made of bones, joints, and cartilage

Provides support for muscles and body parts; protects organs; stores minerals and lipds; assists with body movements

62
Q

Describe what makes up the Muscular System and its functions

A

Muscular system is made of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and involuntary muscle

Body movements such as walking, maintaining posture, and producing heat

63
Q

Describe what makes up the Nervous System and its functions

A

Made of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears

Major coordination control system of our body

Receives and sends messages to respond to changes

64
Q

Describe what makes up the Endocrine System and its functions

A

Glands and tissues that use chemical signals, called hormones, through the bloodsteam

It’s a communication system

65
Q
A
66
Q

Describe what makes up the Cardiovascular System and its functions

A

Made of blood, heart, and blood vessels

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries nutrients and oxygen and waste; blood helps defend against disease and damage

67
Q

Describe what makes up the Lymphatic System and its functions

A

Made of lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that are responsible for immune response

Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains mature immune cells for protecting against disease

68
Q

Describe what makes up the Respiratory System and its functions

A

Made of lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice), trachia (windpipe), bronchial tubes

Transfers oxygen to the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood; helps regulate acidity of body fluids; air flow that produces sounds through vocal cords

69
Q

Describe what makes up the Digestive System and its functions

A

comprised of organs in the gastrointestinal tract, including mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum; digestive organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

brings and breaks down food and nutrients for the body; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid waste

70
Q

Describe what makes up the Urinary System and its functions

A

comprised of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates waste from blood; helps regulate acid-base balance body fluids; maintain’s body’s mineral balance; helps regulate red blood cell production

71
Q

Describe what makes up the Reproductive System and its functions

A

comprised of gonads (testes and ovaries) and associated organs; uterine (fallopian)tubes, uterus, vagina (females); epididymis, ducts (vas) deferens, and penis (males); mammary glands

produce sperm and eggs that form a new human, release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; transport/store eggs and sperm; produce milk in mammories

72
Q

define distal

A

farther away from the attachment of the limb to the trunk

73
Q

define proximal

A

closer to where the limb attaches to the trunk

74
Q

explain the direction of superior and what else is it called?

A

superior is up towards the head.

also called cranial

75
Q

explain the direction of inferior and what else is it called?

A

inferior is down, away from the head and towards the feet.

also called caudal.

76
Q

what is the front of the body referred to

A

anterior

77
Q

what is the anterior side of the body also called

A

ventral, which is the soft belly part

78
Q

what is the back side of the body called

A

posterior

79
Q

what is the posterior side of the body also called

think of the back of a shark or dolphin

A

dorsal, which is the spine side

80
Q

what is the midline (center) of the body called

A

medial

81
Q

what is the peripheral of the body called?

A

lateral

82
Q

list the three planes for dividing the body

A

frontal
transverse
sagittal

83
Q

what is another name for the frontal plane

A

coronal

84
Q

list the 3 main body cavities

A

dorsal
thoracic
abdominopelvic

85
Q

name the two sub cavities of the dorsal body cavity

A

cranial cavity
vertebral canal

86
Q

name the three sub cavities of the thoracic cavity

A

pleural cavity
pericardial cavity
mediastinum

87
Q

name the two sub cavities of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity

88
Q

what is another name for organ

A

viscera

89
Q

what is the mediastinum

what organs does it contain

A

an anatomical region above the heart and between the lungs

heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

90
Q

what muscle separates the thoracic from the abdominopelvic cavity

A

diaphragm

91
Q

what are the two layers of the membrane that surrounds the space of the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

which is one the outside and which is on the inser?

A

parietal (outside)
visceral (inside)

92
Q

what is the purpose of the parietal and visceral fluid

A

surrounds the cavities and allows for movement to avoid friction and heat

93
Q

what does the cranial cavity contain

A

brain

94
Q

what does the vertebral canal contain

A

spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves

95
Q

what does the pleural cavity contain

A

fluid sac aroud the lungs

96
Q

what does the pericardial cavity contain

A

fluid sac around the heart

97
Q

what does the abdominal cavity contain

A

stomach, spleen,liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine

98
Q

what does the pelvic cavity contain

A

urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, reproductive organs

99
Q

name the four abdominopelvic quadrants

A

Upper Right Q
Lower Right Q
Upper Left Q
Lower Left Q

100
Q

what does the upper right quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity contain

A

right lobe of liver
gallbladder

101
Q

what does the upper left quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity contain

A

left lobe of liver
spleen
stomach
transvere colon

102
Q

what does the lower right quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity contain

A

ascending colon
small intestine
cecum
appendix

103
Q

what does the lower left quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity contain

A

descending colon
urinary bladder

104
Q

Anatomical Name

Head

A

Cephalic

105
Q

Anatomical Name

Skull

A

Cranial

106
Q

Anatomical Name

Face

A

Facial

107
Q

Anatomical Name

Neck

A

Cervical

108
Q

Anatomical Name

Forehead

A

Frontal

109
Q

Anatomical Name

Temple

A

Temporal

110
Q

Anatomical Name

Eye

two possible names

A

Oribital or Ocular

111
Q

Anatomical Name

Ear

A

Otic

Anatomy Archives (34 decks)

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