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Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What immune activation has three pathways, two of which are classical and alternative pathways?

A

complement system

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2
Q

Which adaptive immune cells produce antibodies?

A

b-cells

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3
Q

What induces the classical pathway of the complement system to begin?

A

antibodies that were created by the b-cells

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4
Q

What induces the alternative pathway of the complement system to begin?

A

spontaneously activated by the lack of inhibitors on the cell surface

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5
Q

What is the protein called when the alternative and classical pathways converge?

A

C3

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6
Q

What does C3 do?

A

cleaves proteins
coat the pathogen (opsonization)
stimulate inflammation

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7
Q

What cells release histamine?

A

MAST cells and basophils

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8
Q

What is the MAC (membrane attack complex) in the complement pathway?

A

a plug formed by multiple proteins that goes into the cell membrane of the bacterial cell and causes destruction of the cell

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9
Q

What does the liver do during a fever and why?

A

stores iron and zinc to keep it away from microorganisms because microorganisms can use the minerals to help them reproduce.

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10
Q

What are the two ‘arms” of the adaptive immune system?

A

humoral
cellular

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11
Q

What type of cells are part of the humoral (antibody-mediated) adaptive immune response?

A

b-cells

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12
Q

What type of cells are part of the cellular (cell-mediated) adaptive immune response?

A

t-cells

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13
Q

Are the antibodies created by the b-cells looking for a specific antigen?

A

yes

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14
Q

What type of adaptive immunity effects extracellular fluid?

A

humoral

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15
Q

what type of adaptive immunity effects intracellular tissue?

A

cellular

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16
Q

Do T-lymphocytes act directly by killing infected cells?

A

yes

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17
Q

What is a substance that mobilizes adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?

A

antigen

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18
Q

Small molecule that is not immunogenic by itself but becomes immunogenic when it attaches to body proteins?

A

hapten

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19
Q

Can an antigen have multiple antigen binding sites?

A

yes

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20
Q

Can an antigen have multiple antibodies?

A

yes

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21
Q

Complex on the surface of every cell that lets immune cells know that the cell is one of our own.

A

MHC (major histocompatibilty complex) Proteins

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22
Q

Any cell that puts up an MHC protein complex with an antigen on it is called what?

A

APC (antigen-presenting cell)

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23
Q

How do antigen presenting cells (APC) link innate and adaptive immunity?

A

macrophage will gobble up invader and place a portion of it on the surface of the cell that will alert adaptive immune system of its presence.

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24
Q

where do all blood cells originate?

A

red bone marrow

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25
Where do t-cells mature?
thymus
26
where do b-cells mature?
bone marrow
27
After t-cells and b-cells are formed, where do they migrate to?
primary lymphatic organs - thymus and bone marrow
28
What is immunocompetetent?
matured to recognize self antigens
29
after t-cells and b-cells mature, where do they go where they also may encounter antigens?
secondary lymphoid organs - lymphoid, spleen
30
what happens to t and b cells once they come in contact with an antigen?
they become activated, proliferate and differentiate
31
what are immunocompetent but not yet activated lymphocytes referred to as?
naive
32
what does self-tolerance refer to in b and t lymphocytes?
we are unresponsive to our own antigens. b and t cells are immunocompetent
33
What is the difference between positive selection and negative selection in T- cells?
positive selection: t cells recognize self MHC proteins. If they cannot identify MHC, they are destroyed. negative selection: t cells recognize self MHC and they do not bind to self antigens displayed on MHC. Shows tolerance for self-antigens. If they bind to self antigens, they get destroyed.
34
What is the difference between positive selection and negative selection in b- cells?
successfully make antigen receptors on its surfact that can bind to MHCs self-reactive ones die off
35
What does it mean once b and t naive cells encounter their antigens and they are selected? What is this called?
clonal selection
36
B and T cells that are immunocompetent but not yet exposed to an antigen that seed th esecondary lymphoid organs. What are they termed?
naive
37
After lymphocytes activate, proliferate, and becomes clones, what do they clone into and what do those clones do?
effector cells that fight the infection memory cells that are able to respond next time we are exposed to the anitgen
38
What are the three major types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
dendritic macrophage b cells
39
Which type of APC phagocytizes pathogens and presents antigens to t cells? And is considered the most effective antigen presenting cell?
dendritic
40
which APC is widepsread in lymphoid organs and presents antigens to t cells?
macrophage
41
Which lymphocytes are phagocytes that present antigens to helper t cells?
b lymphocytes
42
Do T helper cells help activate B and T lymphocytes?
yes
43
What do b cells become once they become activated?
plasma cells
44
what cells actually produce antibodies once b cells are activated?
plasma cells
45
do all b cells become plasma cells or do some become memory cells?
some become memory cells
46
How long does it take for antibodies to respond to an infection at first exposure vs a second exposure when memory cells are activated?
first exposure 3-6 days memory exposure - hours
47
What are two types of active humoral immunity on how we acquire the immunity?
naturally acquired artificially acquired
48
what does it mean when we naturally acquire immunity?
we are actually exposed to a bacteria or virus
49
what does it mean to have artificially acquired immunity? are memory cells made?
vaccinated yes
50
What is passive humoral immunity?
we are given the antibodies pre made we have bypassed activation b cells are not challenged by antigens immunological memory does not occur protection ends when antibodies degrade
51
where do naturally acquired passive antibodies come from?
mom via placenta or milk
52
how do we get artificially acquired passive humoral immunity?
injection of a serum that contains antibodies (gamma globulins/immunoglobulins (IG)) used in somethign like a snake bite because the venom would kill us so quickly.
53
Review this
54
What are two other names for antibodies?
immunoglobulins (IG) globulins
55
Where are IGs found?
plasma of the blood
56
What are the 5 primary classes of IGs?
IgM IgA IgD IgG IgE
57
What is this part of the antigen called?
antigen binding site
58
What is this part of the antigen called?
heavy/long chains
59
What is this part of the antigen called?
light chains (smaller)
60
What is this part of the antigen called? What does it determine? What is it attached to?
stem/constant region class if Ig B cell
61
how many protein chains in an antigen?
4
62
Which antibody is made of 5 antibodies first released upon infection agglutinates (globs antigens all together)
IgM
63
Which antibody is made of 2 antibodies (monomer or dimer) secretory
IgA
64
Which antibody is a monomer that functions as a b cell receptor?
IgD
65
Which antibody is a monomer that is the most abundant in the plasma Late primary and secondary response activates complement by classic pathway (antigen-antibody complex)
IgG
66
what is the antigen-antibody complex
activate complement by classic pathway
67
Which antibody is a monomer important with allergies and parisitic infections causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine
IgE
68
what can antigen-antibody complexes do?
surround bacteria and neutralizes it agglutination (globs infected cells together, inactivates them, makes them easier to phagocytize) precipitation (attaches to small insoluble antigens, makes them soluble and then they precipitate out of solution) activate classic compliment
69
What type of antigens are cellular immunity t cells fighting aginst?
intracellular antigens
70
Do t-cells directly kill the cells as oppose to developing antibodies?
yes
71
Two types of T Cells and what do they become?
CD4 - T-helper CD8 - cytotoxic TC cells
72
What are the two MHC proteins important to T cell activation
Class I MHC proteins Class II MHC proteins
73
Which class MHC protein is in all of our nucleated body cells
Class I
74
Which class MHC protein is in all of our antigen presenting cells (APC - dendritic, macrophages, b cells)
Class 2
75
Which class of MHC Proteins put out an endogenous antigen (self-antigen) or nonself antigen and binds to CD8 cells to tell it to kill the cell if it puts out a nonself antigen?
MHC Class I
76
Which class of MHC proteins find an antigen outside of the cell and engulf them and present an exondenous antigen to CD4 cells.
MHC Class II
77
What cells help activate T and B cells, induce T and B cell proliferation, their cytokines recruit other immune cells, confirms infections found by other cells
TH cells
78
Can the immune system exist without TH cells?
No
79
What are interleukins
stimulated by TH cells to signal B and T cell activation
80
Roles of cytotoxic TC cells
targets virus infected cellw with intracellular bacteria or parasites can destroy all infected or abnormal cells
81
How do the TC cells destroy all abnormal or infected cells?
create perforins that create a pore in the cell, which releases a granzyme into the infected cell that induces apotosis (cell suicide)

Anatomy Archives (34 decks)

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