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Anatomy Archives > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What immune activation has three pathways, two of which are classical and alternative pathways?

A

complement system

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2
Q

Which adaptive immune cells produce antibodies?

A

b-cells

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3
Q

What induces the classical pathway of the complement system to begin?

A

antibodies that were created by the b-cells

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4
Q

What induces the alternative pathway of the complement system to begin?

A

spontaneously activated by the lack of inhibitors on the cell surface

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5
Q

What is the protein called when the alternative and classical pathways converge?

A

C3

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6
Q

What does C3 do?

A

cleaves proteins
coat the pathogen (opsonization)
stimulate inflammation

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7
Q

What cells release histamine?

A

MAST cells and basophils

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8
Q

What is the MAC (membrane attack complex) in the complement pathway?

A

a plug formed by multiple proteins that goes into the cell membrane of the bacterial cell and causes destruction of the cell

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9
Q

What does the liver do during a fever and why?

A

stores iron and zinc to keep it away from microorganisms because microorganisms can use the minerals to help them reproduce.

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10
Q

What are the two ‘arms” of the adaptive immune system?

A

humoral
cellular

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11
Q

What type of cells are part of the humoral (antibody-mediated) adaptive immune response?

A

b-cells

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12
Q

What type of cells are part of the cellular (cell-mediated) adaptive immune response?

A

t-cells

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13
Q

Are the antibodies created by the b-cells looking for a specific antigen?

A

yes

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14
Q

What type of adaptive immunity effects extracellular fluid?

A

humoral

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15
Q

what type of adaptive immunity effects intracellular tissue?

A

cellular

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16
Q

Do T-lymphocytes act directly by killing infected cells?

A

yes

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17
Q

What is a substance that mobilizes adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?

A

antigen

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18
Q

Small molecule that is not immunogenic by itself but becomes immunogenic when it attaches to body proteins?

A

hapten

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19
Q

Can an antigen have multiple antigen binding sites?

A

yes

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20
Q

Can an antigen have multiple antibodies?

A

yes

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21
Q

Complex on the surface of every cell that lets immune cells know that the cell is one of our own.

A

MHC (major histocompatibilty complex) Proteins

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22
Q

Any cell that puts up an MHC protein complex with an antigen on it is called what?

A

APC (antigen-presenting cell)

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23
Q

How do antigen presenting cells (APC) link innate and adaptive immunity?

A

macrophage will gobble up invader and place a portion of it on the surface of the cell that will alert adaptive immune system of its presence.

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24
Q

where do all blood cells originate?

A

red bone marrow

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25
Q

Where do t-cells mature?

A

thymus

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26
Q

where do b-cells mature?

A

bone marrow

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27
Q

After t-cells and b-cells are formed, where do they migrate to?

A

primary lymphatic organs - thymus and bone marrow

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28
Q

What is immunocompetetent?

A

matured to recognize self antigens

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29
Q

after t-cells and b-cells mature, where do they go where they also may encounter antigens?

A

secondary lymphoid organs - lymphoid, spleen

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30
Q

what happens to t and b cells once they come in contact with an antigen?

A

they become activated, proliferate and differentiate

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31
Q

what are immunocompetent but not yet activated lymphocytes referred to as?

A

naive

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32
Q

what does self-tolerance refer to in b and t lymphocytes?

A

we are unresponsive to our own antigens. b and t cells are immunocompetent

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33
Q

What is the difference between positive selection and negative selection in T- cells?

A

positive selection: t cells recognize self MHC proteins. If they cannot identify MHC, they are destroyed.

negative selection: t cells recognize self MHC and they do not bind to self antigens displayed on MHC. Shows tolerance for self-antigens. If they bind to self antigens, they get destroyed.

34
Q

What is the difference between positive selection and negative selection in b- cells?

A

successfully make antigen receptors on its surfact that can bind to MHCs

self-reactive ones die off

35
Q

What does it mean once b and t naive cells encounter their antigens and they are selected? What is this called?

A

clonal selection

36
Q

B and T cells that are immunocompetent but not yet exposed to an antigen that seed th esecondary lymphoid organs. What are they termed?

A

naive

37
Q

After lymphocytes activate, proliferate, and becomes clones, what do they clone into and what do those clones do?

A

effector cells that fight the infection

memory cells that are able to respond next time we are exposed to the anitgen

38
Q

What are the three major types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

dendritic
macrophage
b cells

39
Q

Which type of APC phagocytizes pathogens and presents antigens to t cells? And is considered the most effective antigen presenting cell?

A

dendritic

40
Q

which APC is widepsread in lymphoid organs and presents antigens to t cells?

A

macrophage

41
Q

Which lymphocytes are phagocytes that present antigens to helper t cells?

A

b lymphocytes

42
Q

Do T helper cells help activate B and T lymphocytes?

A

yes

43
Q

What do b cells become once they become activated?

A

plasma cells

44
Q

what cells actually produce antibodies once b cells are activated?

A

plasma cells

45
Q

do all b cells become plasma cells or do some become memory cells?

A

some become memory cells

46
Q

How long does it take for antibodies to respond to an infection at first exposure vs a second exposure when memory cells are activated?

A

first exposure 3-6 days
memory exposure - hours

47
Q

What are two types of active humoral immunity on how we acquire the immunity?

A

naturally acquired
artificially acquired

48
Q

what does it mean when we naturally acquire immunity?

A

we are actually exposed to a bacteria or virus

49
Q

what does it mean to have artificially acquired immunity? are memory cells made?

A

vaccinated

yes

50
Q

What is passive humoral immunity?

A

we are given the antibodies pre made

we have bypassed activation

b cells are not challenged by antigens

immunological memory does not occur

protection ends when antibodies degrade

51
Q

where do naturally acquired passive antibodies come from?

A

mom via placenta or milk

52
Q

how do we get artificially acquired passive humoral immunity?

A

injection of a serum that contains antibodies (gamma globulins/immunoglobulins (IG))

used in somethign like a snake bite because the venom would kill us so quickly.

53
Q

Review this

A
54
Q

What are two other names for antibodies?

A

immunoglobulins (IG)
globulins

55
Q

Where are IGs found?

A

plasma of the blood

56
Q

What are the 5 primary classes of IGs?

A

IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE

57
Q

What is this part of the antigen called?

A

antigen binding site

58
Q

What is this part of the antigen called?

A

heavy/long chains

59
Q

What is this part of the antigen called?

A

light chains (smaller)

60
Q

What is this part of the antigen called?
What does it determine?
What is it attached to?

A

stem/constant region
class if Ig
B cell

61
Q

how many protein chains in an antigen?

A

4

62
Q

Which antibody is made of 5 antibodies
first released upon infection
agglutinates (globs antigens all together)

A

IgM

63
Q

Which antibody is made of 2 antibodies (monomer or dimer)
secretory

A

IgA

64
Q

Which antibody is a monomer that functions as a b cell receptor?

A

IgD

65
Q

Which antibody is a monomer that is the most abundant in the plasma
Late primary and secondary response
activates complement by classic pathway (antigen-antibody complex)

A

IgG

66
Q

what is the antigen-antibody complex

A

activate complement by classic pathway

67
Q

Which antibody is a monomer important with allergies and parisitic infections
causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine

A

IgE

68
Q

what can antigen-antibody complexes do?

A

surround bacteria and neutralizes it
agglutination (globs infected cells together, inactivates them, makes them easier to phagocytize)
precipitation (attaches to small insoluble antigens, makes them soluble and then they precipitate out of solution)
activate classic compliment

69
Q

What type of antigens are cellular immunity t cells fighting aginst?

A

intracellular antigens

70
Q

Do t-cells directly kill the cells as oppose to developing antibodies?

A

yes

71
Q

Two types of T Cells and what do they become?

A

CD4 - T-helper
CD8 - cytotoxic TC cells

72
Q

What are the two MHC proteins important to T cell activation

A

Class I MHC proteins
Class II MHC proteins

73
Q

Which class MHC protein is in all of our nucleated body cells

A

Class I

74
Q

Which class MHC protein is in all of our antigen presenting cells (APC - dendritic, macrophages, b cells)

A

Class 2

75
Q

Which class of MHC Proteins put out an endogenous antigen (self-antigen) or nonself antigen and binds to CD8 cells to tell it to kill the cell if it puts out a nonself antigen?

A

MHC Class I

76
Q

Which class of MHC proteins find an antigen outside of the cell and engulf them and present an exondenous antigen to CD4 cells.

A

MHC Class II

77
Q

What cells help activate T and B cells, induce T and B cell proliferation, their cytokines recruit other immune cells, confirms infections found by other cells

A

TH cells

78
Q

Can the immune system exist without TH cells?

A

No

79
Q

What are interleukins

A

stimulated by TH cells to signal B and T cell activation

80
Q

Roles of cytotoxic TC cells

A

targets virus infected cellw with intracellular bacteria or parasites

can destroy all infected or abnormal cells

81
Q

How do the TC cells destroy all abnormal or infected cells?

A

create perforins that create a pore in the cell, which releases a granzyme into the infected cell that induces apotosis (cell suicide)

Anatomy Archives (34 decks)

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