Blood Vessels Flashcards
1
Q
What layer of the blood vessel is this?
What are the two names for it?
What type of cells make it up?
A
Tunica Interna (Intima)
The endothelium
Innermost layer, adjacent to lumen
Simple squamous epithelium
2
Q
What layer of the blood vessel is this?
What is it called?
What type of muscle and fiber make it up?
A
Tunica Media
Middle layer
Smooth muscle
Elastic fiber
3
Q
What layer of the blood vessel is this?
What is it called?
What type of fibers does it have?
What it is adjacent to?
A
Tunica externa
Outermost layer
Elastic and collagen fibers
Surrounding tissue
4
Q
What layer of the vein is this?
What are the two names for it?
What type of cells make it up?
A
Tunica Interna (Intima)
The endothelium
Innermost layer, adjacent to lumen
Simple squamous
5
Q
What layer of the vein is this?
What is it called?
What type of muscle and fiber make it up?
A
Tunica Media
Middle layer
Smooth muscle
6
Q
Is the tunica media thicker or thinner in the arteries and the veins?
A
thicker in the arteries
thinner in the veins
7
Q
Is there elastic tissue in the tunica media of the veins?
A
No
8
Q
What layer of the vein is this?
What is it called?
What it is adjacent to?
A
Tunica externa
Outermost layer
Surrounding tissue
9
Q
What type of tissue is this layer of the artery?
What is it called?
A
elastic tissue
internal elastic lamina
10
Q
What is this layer called in the artery and vein?
A
basement membrane
11
Q
What are 1, 2, and 3 of the capillary?
A
- endothelium
- basement membrane
- lumen
12
Q
Do arteries carry blood away or toward the heart?
A
Away
13
Q
What are the blood vessels that transport blood throughout the body?
A
arterioles
capillaries
venules
14
Q
What are the two large arteries emerging from the heart?
A
aorta
pulmonary trunk
15
Q
Do the veins or the arteries return blood to the heart?
A
veins
16
Q
Which arteries are largest in diameter, contain a high proportion of elastic fibers, help propel blood from the heart to the body, and are inactive in vasoconstriction ?
A
elastic arteries
17
Q
How do elastic arteries function?
A
The receive a surge of blood from the heart and expand to accomodate the bloodflow.
18
Q
What are examples of elastic arteries?
A
aorta
brachiocephalic
common carotid
subclavian
vertebral
pulmonary
common iliac arteries
19
Q
Which arteries are medium-sized in diameter, contain more smooth muscle than elastic fibers, can regulate their diameter, are active in vasoconstriction, and receive the blood from the elastic arteries to continue delivering blood to the body?
A
muscular arteries
20
Q
what are examples of muscular arteries?
A
brachial artery (arm)
radial artery (forearm)
21
Q
Are elastic arteries or muscular arteries more capable of vasoconstricion and vasodilation?
A
muscular arteries
22
Q
What is vasoconstriction?
A
narrowing of the blood vessel
23
Q
what is vasodilation?
A
increasing the diameter of the lumen of the blood vessel
24
Q
Which artery is very small and delivers blood to the capillaries?
A
arterioles
25
What kind of tissue and fiber is found in the arteriole?
layer of endothelium
a few smooth muscle fibers
26
Which type of artery plays a key role in regulating bloodflow from the arteries to the capillaries and controlling blood pressure (vasodilation and vasoconstriction)?
arteriole
27
Where are nutrients, gases, and wastes exchanged between blood and interstitial fluid?
capillaries
28
What are the microscopic vessels that connect arterioles to venules?
capillaries
29
What are precapillary sphincters?
rings of smooth muscle where capillaries branch from arterioles
30
How is the flow of blood in capillaries regulated?
through smooth muscle fibers in arteriole walls and precapillary sphincters
31
What happens when precapillary sphincters relax?
more blood flows into capillaries
32
what happens when precapillary sphincters contract?
less blood flows through capillaries
33
What does blood colloid osmotic pressure do?
pulls fluid into capillaries
reabsorption
34
what is it called when the pressure of blood against the capillary walls pushes fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid?
capillary blood pressure
blood pressure (BP)
or filtration
35
How do you calculate net filtration pressure?
NFP=Blood Pressure (BP) - Osmotic Pressure (OP)
If it's positive, we have outflow from arterial end. If it's negative, we have inflow from venous end.
36
What is the term for the ability of tissue to automatically adjust its bloodflow to match its metabolic demand? (think vasoconstrictors, vasodilators, arterioles, precapillary sphincters)
autoregulation
37
How are venules formed?
where several capillaries unite
## Footnote
`
38
what receives blood from the capillaries and empties blood into the veins?
venules
39
Are venules similar to arterioles in structure?
yes
40
What is one component some veins have that arteries do not?
a valve
41
What is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of a blood vessel called?
blood pressure (BP)
42
What heart action generates blood pressure (BP)?
the contraction of the ventricles
43
What is measured in millimeters of mercury, abbreviated mm Hg?
blood pressure
44
Where is BP the highest?
aorta and large systemic arteries
45
Does blood pressure drop the further away it gets from the heart?
yes
46
When does BP rise to its peak?
During systole (contraction) of the heart
47
Does BP lower during diastole (relaxation) of the heart?
yes
48
What happens to blood pressure as the distance from the left ventricle increases and then it is returned to the right atrium?
It drops and reaches near 0 as it returns to the right atrium.
49
What factors affect vascular/perioheral resistance (opposition to blood flow)?
size of lumen
blood viscosity
total blood vessel length
vasoconstriction = more resistance
50
What refers to the movement of blood from capillaries to venules to veins back to the atria of the heart?
venous return
51
Explain the respiratory pump in venous return
the diaphragm causes alternating compression on the veins with inhalation and exhalation. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm compresses the abdomenal veins causing blood to move up from the abdominal veins to the thoracic veins and into the right atrium. Exhalation reverses the pressure and the valves in the veins prevent the blood from flowing back down.
52
explain the skeletal pump in venous return
at rest, venous valve closer to the heart and further from the heart are open and blood flow up to heart
contraction of leg muscles as in walking or standing on tip toes compress the vein
compression pushes blood up through the valve closer to the heart
at the same time, the vein further from the heart closes
after relaxation, pressure falls, the valve closer to the heart closes, vale farther away opens and veins fill with blood from the foot
53
Do epinephrine and norepinephrine increase or decrease blood pressure? How?
increase blood pressure by increasing rate of heart contractions, vasoconstriction of arterioles and veins
54
Does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increase or decrease blood pressure? How?
increases blood pressure by vasoconstriction.
55
Does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increase or decrease blood pressure? How?
lower blood pressure by vasodilation. promotes the loss of salt and water in the urine, reducing blood volume.
56
Does renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system increase or decrease blood pressure? How?
increases blood pressure
kidneys secrete renin, renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) produce angiotensin II, which raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction. ACE stimulates secretion of aldosterone, which increases reabsoption of NA+ and water by kidneys.
57
What is an anastomoses?
What is an alternate name for this?
union of 2 or more branches or arteries supplying the same area of the body with blood
provides an alternate route for blood if an artery is blocked
fistulae
58
What is the thoroughfare channel in the capillaries?
precapillary sphincters open or close and allow blood flow in and out of peripheral capillaries depending on where the blood flow is needed.
59
How are the three types of capillaries classified? What characteristic determines their classification?
permeability
60
What is the least permeable capillary?
continuous capillaries
61
what is the middle of the road porous capillary and what defining characteristic determines this?
fenestrated
has pores (fenestrations) in the cell
62
What is the most porous capillary that can move bigger substances beyond fluid?
sinusoid capillaries
63
Where is most of the blood found at any given time? Venous sytem or arterial system?
venous
64
What are the three ways substances pass through capillaries?
simple diffusion
transcytosis (cross capillary walls in vesicles)
bulk flow (large particles move together, most important for large volumes of blood an interstitial fluid)
65
What is the formula for calculating mean arterial pressure?
66
What is the pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction?
systolic pressure
67
what is the lowest level of aortic pressure
diastolic pressure
68
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure called? How is it calculated?
pulse pressure
systolic-diastolic
69
What is mean arterial blood pressure?
How is mean arterial blood pressure calculated?
It's a more accurate way of measuring blood pressure instead of just doing systolic over diastolic.
It's an average of what the BP is in the entire circulatory system.
70
Name
where does it lead/divide into?
brachiocephalic trunk
right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery
71
Name
What three arteries branch from here
aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian
72
Name
where does it supply blood
what does it divide into
right common carotid
supplies head
divides to right external and right internal carotid
73
Name
What does it feed
right subclavian
towards right arm
74
Name
What does it supply
what does it branch into
left common carotid
left side of neck and head
Left internal carotid and left external carotid
75
Name
what does it supply
left subclavian
left arm
76
Name
what does it supply
right brachial
arm
77
Name
what does it supply
right axillary
arm
78
Name
what does it supply
left gastric
79
Name
what does it supply
left and right renal
kidneys
80
Name
what does it supply
superior mesenteric
upper intestine
81
Name
what does it supply
inferior mesenteric
lower intestine
82
abdominal aorta
83
Name
what does it divide into
left and right common iliac
internal and external iliac
84
left internal iliac
85
what Name
what does it supply
what does it split into
left external iliac
lower extremities
femoral
86
Name
what does it supply
left deep femoral
thigh region
87
Name
what does it supply
left femoral
thigh region
88
common hepatic
89
right radial
90
right ulnar
91
name
what does it supply
right internal carotid
brain
92
name
what does it supply
right external carotid
face and neck
93
right common carotid
94
name
where do they stem from
## Footnote
anterior and posterior view
right common iliac
abdominal aorta
95
name
what does it supply
## Footnote
anterior and posterior view
right internal iliac
thigh
96
name
what does it supply
what does it divide into
## Footnote
anterior and posterior view
right external iliac
leg
deep femoral and femoral
97
name
what does it supply
## Footnote
anterior and posterior view
right femoral
main artery traveling further down leg
98
## Footnote
anterior and posterior view
right deep artery of the thigh
99
name
where does it run down
## Footnote
anterior and posterior view
right anterior tibial
front of shin
100
name
where does it run down
## Footnote
anterior and posterior view
right posterior tibial
calf
101
name
where does it run
## Footnote
anterior and posterior view
right fibular
side of leg
102
left femoral vein
103
left external iliac vein
104
left internal iliac vein
105
left common iliac vein
106
inferior vena cava
107
left brachiocephalic
108
left external jugular
109
left internal jugular
110
right internal jugular
111
right external jugular
112
right brachiocephalic
113
superior vena cava
114
hepatics
115
right and left renal
116
right brachiocephalic
117
superior vena cava
118
right axillary
119
right subclavian
120
right external jugular
121
right internal jugular
122
right ulnars
123
right radials
124
right brachial
125
right axillary
126
right brachiocephalic
127
right subclavian
128
right external jugular
129
right internal jugular
130
superior vena cava
131
inferior vena cava
132
right common iliac
133
right internal iliac
134
right external iliac
135
right femoral
136
right anterior tibial
137
right posterior tibial
138
right great saphenous
139
What are the three artery branches the aorta drains into?
brachiocephalic trunk
common carotid
subclavian
140
which artery off the aorta is only on the right side? there is no left side.
brachiocephalic trunk
141
what chamber of the heart drains into the systemic circulation system?
left ventricle
142
what chamber of the heart drains into the pulmonary circulation?
right ventricle
143
what major vessels drain from the heart to the system circulation?
aortic arch
brachiocephalic
common carotid
subclavian
144
what major vessels drain from the heart for pulmonary circulation?
pulmonary trunk
145
Which three systemic veins deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?
coronary sinus
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
146
What is a vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another called?
portal vein
147
Which vein receives blood from capillaries of digestive organs and delivers it to structures in the liver called sinusoids?
hepatic portal vein
148
In hepatic portal circulation, which vessel brings oxygenated blood to the liver?
hepatic artery
149
In hepatic portal circulation, which vessel brings deoxygenated blood to the liver?
hepatic portal vein
150
What is the brief outline of hepatic portal circulation?
venous blood from gastrointestinal organs and spleen via the hepatic portal vein and arterial blood from the hepatic artery are delivered to the liver and mixed together in the sinusoids. All the blood leaves the sinusoids of the liver through hepatic veins, which drains into inferior vena cava.
151
Why does the hepatic vein deliver blood to the liver first?
because the contents of the blood contain nutrients that need to be processed by the liver first
152
in hepatic portal circulation, which two veins feed into the hepatic portal vein and from where?
splenic vein from upper digestive
superior mesenteric vein from lower diegestive tract
153
Explain steps for pulmonary circulation from the heart. Where is the blood deoxygenated and where is it oxygenated?
right atrium (deoxygenated)
right ventricle (deoxygenated)
pulmonary truck (deoxygenated)
right and left pulmonary arteries
lungs (deoxygenated)
right and left pulmonary veins (oxygenated)
left atrium (oxygenated)
left ventricle starts systemic circulation
154
Explain steps for systemic circulation from the heart. Where is the blood deoxygenated and where is it oxygenated?
left ventricle (oxygenated)
aorta (oxygenated)
capillaries (oxygenated/deoxygenated)
systemic veins (deoxygenated)
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus (deoxygenated)
right atrium (deoxygenated
right ventricle (deoxygenated)
pulmonary trunk to pulmonary circulation
