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Anatomy Archives > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What layer of the blood vessel is this?

What are the two names for it?

What type of cells make it up?

A

Tunica Interna (Intima)
The endothelium
Innermost layer, adjacent to lumen
Simple squamous epithelium

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2
Q

What layer of the blood vessel is this?

What is it called?

What type of muscle and fiber make it up?

A

Tunica Media
Middle layer
Smooth muscle
Elastic fiber

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3
Q

What layer of the blood vessel is this?

What is it called?

What type of fibers does it have?

What it is adjacent to?

A

Tunica externa
Outermost layer
Elastic and collagen fibers
Surrounding tissue

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4
Q

What layer of the vein is this?

What are the two names for it?

What type of cells make it up?

A

Tunica Interna (Intima)
The endothelium
Innermost layer, adjacent to lumen
Simple squamous

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5
Q

What layer of the vein is this?

What is it called?

What type of muscle and fiber make it up?

A

Tunica Media
Middle layer
Smooth muscle

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6
Q

Is the tunica media thicker or thinner in the arteries and the veins?

A

thicker in the arteries
thinner in the veins

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7
Q

Is there elastic tissue in the tunica media of the veins?

A

No

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8
Q

What layer of the vein is this?

What is it called?

What it is adjacent to?

A

Tunica externa
Outermost layer
Surrounding tissue

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9
Q

What type of tissue is this layer of the artery?

What is it called?

A

elastic tissue
internal elastic lamina

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10
Q

What is this layer called in the artery and vein?

A

basement membrane

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11
Q

What are 1, 2, and 3 of the capillary?

A
  1. endothelium
  2. basement membrane
  3. lumen
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12
Q

Do arteries carry blood away or toward the heart?

A

Away

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13
Q

What are the blood vessels that transport blood throughout the body?

A

arterioles
capillaries
venules

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14
Q

What are the two large arteries emerging from the heart?

A

aorta
pulmonary trunk

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15
Q

Do the veins or the arteries return blood to the heart?

A

veins

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16
Q

Which arteries are largest in diameter, contain a high proportion of elastic fibers, help propel blood from the heart to the body, and are inactive in vasoconstriction ?

A

elastic arteries

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17
Q

How do elastic arteries function?

A

The receive a surge of blood from the heart and expand to accomodate the bloodflow.

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18
Q

What are examples of elastic arteries?

A

aorta
brachiocephalic
common carotid
subclavian
vertebral
pulmonary
common iliac arteries

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19
Q

Which arteries are medium-sized in diameter, contain more smooth muscle than elastic fibers, can regulate their diameter, are active in vasoconstriction, and receive the blood from the elastic arteries to continue delivering blood to the body?

A

muscular arteries

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20
Q

what are examples of muscular arteries?

A

brachial artery (arm)
radial artery (forearm)

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21
Q

Are elastic arteries or muscular arteries more capable of vasoconstricion and vasodilation?

A

muscular arteries

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22
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

narrowing of the blood vessel

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23
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

increasing the diameter of the lumen of the blood vessel

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24
Q

Which artery is very small and delivers blood to the capillaries?

A

arterioles

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25
Q

What kind of tissue and fiber is found in the arteriole?

A

layer of endothelium
a few smooth muscle fibers

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26
Q

Which type of artery plays a key role in regulating bloodflow from the arteries to the capillaries and controlling blood pressure (vasodilation and vasoconstriction)?

A

arteriole

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27
Q

Where are nutrients, gases, and wastes exchanged between blood and interstitial fluid?

A

capillaries

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28
Q

What are the microscopic vessels that connect arterioles to venules?

A

capillaries

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29
Q

What are precapillary sphincters?

A

rings of smooth muscle where capillaries branch from arterioles

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30
Q

How is the flow of blood in capillaries regulated?

A

through smooth muscle fibers in arteriole walls and precapillary sphincters

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31
Q

What happens when precapillary sphincters relax?

A

more blood flows into capillaries

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32
Q

what happens when precapillary sphincters contract?

A

less blood flows through capillaries

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33
Q

What does blood colloid osmotic pressure do?

A

pulls fluid into capillaries
reabsorption

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34
Q

what is it called when the pressure of blood against the capillary walls pushes fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid?

A

capillary blood pressure
blood pressure (BP)
or filtration

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35
Q

How do you calculate net filtration pressure?

A

NFP=Blood Pressure (BP) - Osmotic Pressure (OP)

If it’s positive, we have outflow from arterial end. If it’s negative, we have inflow from venous end.

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36
Q

What is the term for the ability of tissue to automatically adjust its bloodflow to match its metabolic demand? (think vasoconstrictors, vasodilators, arterioles, precapillary sphincters)

A

autoregulation

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37
Q

How are venules formed?

A

where several capillaries unite

`

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38
Q

what receives blood from the capillaries and empties blood into the veins?

A

venules

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39
Q

Are venules similar to arterioles in structure?

A

yes

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40
Q

What is one component some veins have that arteries do not?

A

a valve

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41
Q

What is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of a blood vessel called?

A

blood pressure (BP)

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42
Q

What heart action generates blood pressure (BP)?

A

the contraction of the ventricles

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43
Q

What is measured in millimeters of mercury, abbreviated mm Hg?

A

blood pressure

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44
Q

Where is BP the highest?

A

aorta and large systemic arteries

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45
Q

Does blood pressure drop the further away it gets from the heart?

A

yes

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46
Q

When does BP rise to its peak?

A

During systole (contraction) of the heart

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47
Q

Does BP lower during diastole (relaxation) of the heart?

A

yes

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48
Q

What happens to blood pressure as the distance from the left ventricle increases and then it is returned to the right atrium?

A

It drops and reaches near 0 as it returns to the right atrium.

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49
Q

What factors affect vascular/perioheral resistance (opposition to blood flow)?

A

size of lumen
blood viscosity
total blood vessel length

vasoconstriction = more resistance

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50
Q

What refers to the movement of blood from capillaries to venules to veins back to the atria of the heart?

A

venous return

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51
Q

Explain the respiratory pump in venous return

A

the diaphragm causes alternating compression on the veins with inhalation and exhalation. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm compresses the abdomenal veins causing blood to move up from the abdominal veins to the thoracic veins and into the right atrium. Exhalation reverses the pressure and the valves in the veins prevent the blood from flowing back down.

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52
Q

explain the skeletal pump in venous return

A

at rest, venous valve closer to the heart and further from the heart are open and blood flow up to heart

contraction of leg muscles as in walking or standing on tip toes compress the vein

compression pushes blood up through the valve closer to the heart

at the same time, the vein further from the heart closes

after relaxation, pressure falls, the valve closer to the heart closes, vale farther away opens and veins fill with blood from the foot

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53
Q

Do epinephrine and norepinephrine increase or decrease blood pressure? How?

A

increase blood pressure by increasing rate of heart contractions, vasoconstriction of arterioles and veins

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54
Q

Does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increase or decrease blood pressure? How?

A

increases blood pressure by vasoconstriction.

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55
Q

Does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increase or decrease blood pressure? How?

A

lower blood pressure by vasodilation. promotes the loss of salt and water in the urine, reducing blood volume.

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56
Q

Does renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system increase or decrease blood pressure? How?

A

increases blood pressure
kidneys secrete renin, renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) produce angiotensin II, which raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction. ACE stimulates secretion of aldosterone, which increases reabsoption of NA+ and water by kidneys.

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57
Q

What is an anastomoses?
What is an alternate name for this?

A

union of 2 or more branches or arteries supplying the same area of the body with blood

provides an alternate route for blood if an artery is blocked

fistulae

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58
Q

What is the thoroughfare channel in the capillaries?

A

precapillary sphincters open or close and allow blood flow in and out of peripheral capillaries depending on where the blood flow is needed.

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59
Q

How are the three types of capillaries classified? What characteristic determines their classification?

A

permeability

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60
Q

What is the least permeable capillary?

A

continuous capillaries

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61
Q

what is the middle of the road porous capillary and what defining characteristic determines this?

A

fenestrated
has pores (fenestrations) in the cell

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62
Q

What is the most porous capillary that can move bigger substances beyond fluid?

A

sinusoid capillaries

63
Q

Where is most of the blood found at any given time? Venous sytem or arterial system?

A

venous

64
Q

What are the three ways substances pass through capillaries?

A

simple diffusion
transcytosis (cross capillary walls in vesicles)
bulk flow (large particles move together, most important for large volumes of blood an interstitial fluid)

65
Q

What is the formula for calculating mean arterial pressure?

A
66
Q

What is the pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction?

A

systolic pressure

67
Q

what is the lowest level of aortic pressure

A

diastolic pressure

68
Q

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure called? How is it calculated?

A

pulse pressure
systolic-diastolic

69
Q

What is mean arterial blood pressure?
How is mean arterial blood pressure calculated?

A

It’s a more accurate way of measuring blood pressure instead of just doing systolic over diastolic.

It’s an average of what the BP is in the entire circulatory system.

70
Q

Name
where does it lead/divide into?

A

brachiocephalic trunk

right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

71
Q

Name
What three arteries branch from here

A

aortic arch

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian

72
Q

Name
where does it supply blood
what does it divide into

A

right common carotid

supplies head
divides to right external and right internal carotid

73
Q

Name
What does it feed

A

right subclavian
towards right arm

74
Q

Name
What does it supply
what does it branch into

A

left common carotid
left side of neck and head
Left internal carotid and left external carotid

75
Q

Name
what does it supply

A

left subclavian
left arm

76
Q

Name
what does it supply

A

right brachial
arm

77
Q

Name
what does it supply

A

right axillary
arm

78
Q

Name
what does it supply

A

left gastric

79
Q

Name
what does it supply

A

left and right renal
kidneys

80
Q

Name
what does it supply

A

superior mesenteric
upper intestine

81
Q

Name
what does it supply

A

inferior mesenteric
lower intestine

82
Q
A

abdominal aorta

83
Q

Name
what does it divide into

A

left and right common iliac
internal and external iliac

84
Q
A

left internal iliac

85
Q

what Name
what does it supply
what does it split into

A

left external iliac
lower extremities
femoral

86
Q

Name
what does it supply

A

left deep femoral
thigh region

87
Q

Name
what does it supply

A

left femoral
thigh region

88
Q
A

common hepatic

89
Q
A

right radial

90
Q
A

right ulnar

91
Q

name
what does it supply

A

right internal carotid
brain

92
Q

name
what does it supply

A

right external carotid
face and neck

93
Q
A

right common carotid

94
Q

name
where do they stem from

anterior and posterior view

A

right common iliac
abdominal aorta

95
Q

name
what does it supply

anterior and posterior view

A

right internal iliac
thigh

96
Q

name
what does it supply
what does it divide into

anterior and posterior view

A

right external iliac
leg
deep femoral and femoral

97
Q

name
what does it supply

anterior and posterior view

A

right femoral
main artery traveling further down leg

98
Q

anterior and posterior view

A

right deep artery of the thigh

99
Q

name
where does it run down

anterior and posterior view

A

right anterior tibial
front of shin

100
Q

name
where does it run down

anterior and posterior view

A

right posterior tibial
calf

101
Q

name
where does it run

anterior and posterior view

A

right fibular
side of leg

102
Q
A

left femoral vein

103
Q
A

left external iliac vein

104
Q
A

left internal iliac vein

105
Q
A

left common iliac vein

106
Q
A

inferior vena cava

107
Q
A

left brachiocephalic

108
Q
A

left external jugular

109
Q
A

left internal jugular

110
Q
A

right internal jugular

111
Q
A

right external jugular

112
Q
A

right brachiocephalic

113
Q
A

superior vena cava

114
Q
A

hepatics

115
Q
A

right and left renal

116
Q
A

right brachiocephalic

117
Q
A

superior vena cava

118
Q
A

right axillary

119
Q
A

right subclavian

120
Q
A

right external jugular

121
Q
A

right internal jugular

122
Q
A

right ulnars

123
Q
A

right radials

124
Q
A

right brachial

125
Q
A

right axillary

126
Q
A

right brachiocephalic

127
Q
A

right subclavian

128
Q
A

right external jugular

129
Q
A

right internal jugular

130
Q
A

superior vena cava

131
Q
A

inferior vena cava

132
Q
A

right common iliac

133
Q
A

right internal iliac

134
Q
A

right external iliac

135
Q
A

right femoral

136
Q
A

right anterior tibial

137
Q
A

right posterior tibial

138
Q
A

right great saphenous

139
Q

What are the three artery branches the aorta drains into?

A

brachiocephalic trunk
common carotid
subclavian

140
Q

which artery off the aorta is only on the right side? there is no left side.

A

brachiocephalic trunk

141
Q

what chamber of the heart drains into the systemic circulation system?

A

left ventricle

142
Q

what chamber of the heart drains into the pulmonary circulation?

A

right ventricle

143
Q

what major vessels drain from the heart to the system circulation?

A

aortic arch
brachiocephalic
common carotid
subclavian

144
Q

what major vessels drain from the heart for pulmonary circulation?

A

pulmonary trunk

145
Q

Which three systemic veins deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?

A

coronary sinus
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava

146
Q

What is a vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another called?

A

portal vein

147
Q

Which vein receives blood from capillaries of digestive organs and delivers it to structures in the liver called sinusoids?

A

hepatic portal vein

148
Q

In hepatic portal circulation, which vessel brings oxygenated blood to the liver?

A

hepatic artery

149
Q

In hepatic portal circulation, which vessel brings deoxygenated blood to the liver?

A

hepatic portal vein

150
Q

What is the brief outline of hepatic portal circulation?

A

venous blood from gastrointestinal organs and spleen via the hepatic portal vein and arterial blood from the hepatic artery are delivered to the liver and mixed together in the sinusoids. All the blood leaves the sinusoids of the liver through hepatic veins, which drains into inferior vena cava.

151
Q

Why does the hepatic vein deliver blood to the liver first?

A

because the contents of the blood contain nutrients that need to be processed by the liver first

152
Q

in hepatic portal circulation, which two veins feed into the hepatic portal vein and from where?

A

splenic vein from upper digestive
superior mesenteric vein from lower diegestive tract

153
Q

Explain steps for pulmonary circulation from the heart. Where is the blood deoxygenated and where is it oxygenated?

A

right atrium (deoxygenated)
right ventricle (deoxygenated)
pulmonary truck (deoxygenated)
right and left pulmonary arteries
lungs (deoxygenated)
right and left pulmonary veins (oxygenated)
left atrium (oxygenated)
left ventricle starts systemic circulation

154
Q

Explain steps for systemic circulation from the heart. Where is the blood deoxygenated and where is it oxygenated?

A

left ventricle (oxygenated)
aorta (oxygenated)
capillaries (oxygenated/deoxygenated)
systemic veins (deoxygenated)
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus (deoxygenated)
right atrium (deoxygenated
right ventricle (deoxygenated)
pulmonary trunk to pulmonary circulation

Anatomy Archives (34 decks)

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