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Anatomy Archives > Chapter 3 Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three main parts of a cell

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

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2
Q

Describe the plasma membrane in general terms

A

is a protective layer and communication center for the cell between its internal and external environment. It regulates the flow of materials in and out.

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3
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

is the space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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4
Q

what is contained in the cytoplasm

A

cytosol and organelles

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5
Q

what is cytosol and what is it also referred to

A

cytosol is the liquid in the cytoplasm that contains the organelles. it is also called intracellular fluid

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6
Q

define a nucleus and its functions

A

the largest organelle in the cell

is the control center

contains genetic material which controls cell structure and activities

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7
Q

what is the cell membrane made of

A

lipids and proteins

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8
Q

what kinds of lipids make up the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids

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9
Q

describe what phospholipids look

A

they are shaped like a lollipop

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10
Q

what are phospholipds made of

A

phosphates and lipds

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11
Q

what is water loving

A

hydrophilic

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12
Q

what is water fearing

A

hydrophobic

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13
Q

what does it mean for something to be polar and non polar

A

polar is hydrophilic

non polar is hydrophobic

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14
Q

explain the structore of a phospholipid

polarity and water

A

shaped like a lollip pop with a round top on the outside of the plasma membrane and a stick bottom on the inside of the plasma membrane

polar and water loving part part is the phosphate - faces the exterior of the cell

non polar and the water fearing part is the lipids - faces the interior of the cell

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15
Q

explain selective permeability

A

the plasma membrane allows some substances to move in and out of the cell but restricts others

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16
Q

what are two main types of proteins

A

Integral

Peripheral

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17
Q

describe an integral protein

A

an integral protein passes through or embeds itself in the cell membrane

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18
Q

describe a peripheral protein

A

peripheral protein stays on the outside of the plasma membrane

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19
Q

what are some of the functions of proteins

A

carriers
receptors
enzymes
cell identity
ion channels

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20
Q

explain what a carrier protein does

A

a carrier protein is an integral protein that passes through the plasma membrane to allow passages for substances

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21
Q

explain a cell identity marker protein

A

can help cells identify its own kind and detect foreigners

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22
Q

explain a receptor protein

A

receptor proteins are integral and receives signals and delivers them to the cell to cause a cellular response

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23
Q

explain an enzyme protein

A

an enzyme protein speeds up a chemical process

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24
Q

what is the basic framework of the plasma membrane called

A

lipid bilayer

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25
Q

what does the lipid bilayer contain

A

two, tail-to-tail layers that make up three types of molecules

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26
Q

what are the three types of molecules that make up the lipid bilayer

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
glycolipids

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27
Q

what makes up a glycolipid

A

a lipid attached to a carbohydrate

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28
Q

what does an ion channel do and what kind of protein is it

A

integral protein that creates a channel or passage for certain substances

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29
Q

what kind of fluid makes up about two-thirds of the fluid in the human body

A

intracellular fluid

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30
Q

what is the abbreviation for intracellular fluid

A

ICF

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31
Q

is the intracellular fluid of the cell also cytosol

A

yes

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32
Q

what is fluid outside of the body cells called

A

extracellular fluid

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33
Q

what is the abbreviation for extracellular fluid

A

ECF

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34
Q

what is the ECF in the microscopic spaces between the cells of tissues

A

interstitial fluid

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35
Q

what is the ECF in blood vessels called

A

blood plasma

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36
Q

what is the ECF in lymphatic vessels called

A

lymph

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37
Q

what is the ECF around the brain and spinal cord called

A

cerebrospinal fluid

38
Q

what is the material dissolved in a fluid called

A

solute

39
Q

what is the fluid in which the solute is dissolved called?

A

solvent

40
Q

what is the amount of solute in a solution called

A

concentration

41
Q

what is the concentration gradient

A

it is the difference in concentration between areas

42
Q

what is the electrochemical gradient

A

concentration of ions on one side of the plasma is different than the other side

43
Q

explain the difference between active and passive transport

A

passive transport is when substances pass through the gradient using their own kinetic energy

active transport is when substances pass through the gradient with cellular energy like ATP

44
Q

name two types of passive transport

A

diffusion

osmosis

45
Q

name two types of diffusion

A

simple

facilitated

46
Q

define diffusion

A

when substances passively move through the plasma membrane using their own energy

they move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

47
Q

define simple diffusion

A

substances pass through the cell membrane freely and on their own

48
Q

define facilitated diffusion

A

an integral membrane protein assists with the substance crossing the plasma membrane

energy is not required but a carrier or channel is

49
Q

explain osmosis

A

the transportation of water through a selectively permeable membrane

water moves from a high concentration area to a lower concentration area

or it moves from a low solute area to a high solute area

50
Q

is osmosis an active or passive process

A

passive

51
Q

what two places do water molecules pass through the plasma membrane

A

the lipid bilayer

integral member channels designated for water transport

52
Q

explain osmotic pressure

A

when a solution has particles that cannot pass through the membrane, the osmotic pressure increases. the pressure depends on the concentration of the solution. the higher the concentration, the higher the osmotic pressure and vice versa.

53
Q

do cells shrink or increase in size due to water loss or gain, why?

A

no, because cytosol and interstitial fluid have the same osmotic pressure

54
Q

explain an isotonic solution

A

any solution where cells keep their normal shape and volume. the concentration of the solutes is the same inside and outside the cell.

55
Q

explain hyptonic solution

A

a hyptonic environment exists when the concentration of solutes is different on one side of the cell vs the other.

56
Q

provide an example of hypotonic with red blood cells

A

if red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution and the solute concentration is higher inside the cell than outside the cell, the red blood cell will take in water faster than it releases water, and this will cause it to burst

57
Q

what is it called when a red blood cells bursts

A

hemolysis

58
Q

explain a hypertonic solution

A

when the solute concentration is higher outside the red blood cell than inside the cytoplasm, water will leave the red blood cell faster than it comes in, and this will cause the red blood cell to shrink

59
Q

what is the shrinkage of red blood cells called

A

crenation

60
Q

Define Active Transport

A

the process by which substances pass through the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient using cellular energy. They go from low concentration to high concentration ares.

61
Q

explain what a pump is in active transport

A

a carrier protein that changes shape as it carries substances across the cellular membrane against its concentration gradient

62
Q

how does the pump change shape for transport

A

uses energy from ATP

63
Q

what is the most important active transport pump

A

sodium potassium pump

64
Q

how does the potassium sodium pump operate
does it constantly operate?

A

it maintains a low concentration of sodium in the cytosol by pumping sodium against the gradient into extracellular fluid

simultaneously, it pumps potassium ions into cells against the potassium concentration gradient

it constantly operates

65
Q

what is the chemical name for sodium

A

Na+

66
Q

what is the chemical name for potassium

A

K+

67
Q

Why does the Na+-K+ pump constantly operate

A

because Na+ and K+ slowly leak back past the cell membrane

68
Q

what are the two reasons it is crucial that the Na+-K+ pump constantly operate

A

to maintain the proper balance of Na+ and K+ inside and outside the cell for osmotic balance

and for some cells to be able to generate electrial signals

69
Q

explain how the sodium-potassium pump operates

A

Three sodium (Na+) ions bind to the pump protein

When the Na+ binds, the protein is triggered to split ATP into ADP plus a phosphate group, which also binds to the protein. This chemical reaction changes the shape of the protein expelling the three Na+ ions into the extracellular fluid.

The changed shape of the protein is now ready to receive two K+ ions from the extracellular fluid. The K+ ions bind to the newly shaped protein.

When this happens, the phosphate group is released and the pump returns to its original shape

As the pump returns to its original shape, it releases the K+ into the cytosol

70
Q

what is a vesicle

A

a small round sac that transports substances in and out of the cell

71
Q

what does movement of the vesicles require

A

energy from ATP

72
Q

is the movement of the vesicle and active or passive transport process

A

active

73
Q

what are the two main types of transport in vesicles

A

endocytosis

exocytosis

74
Q

what is endocytosis

A

when substances are moved into the cell through a vesicle

75
Q

what is exocytosis

A

when substances are moved out of a cell via a vesicle

76
Q

how is a vesicle formed

A

substances are brough into the vesicle, which is embedded in the cell membrane, and the vesicle then buds off and forms a sac around the substance

77
Q

what are the two types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis

bulk phase endocytosis

78
Q

explain phagocytosis

what is it also called and what is the process

A

also called cell eating

eats large solid particles like bacteria, viruses, or dead cells

particle binds to a plasma membrane receptor, which causes the cell to extend pseudopods

two or more psuedopods surround the particle and portions fuse to form vesicle that enters the cytoplasm

The phagosome fuses with one or more lysosomes, breaks down the material

Undigested material may remain indefinitely in the cell or be excreted by the cell

79
Q

what are pseudopods

A

projections from the cell membrane and cytoplasm

80
Q

where is the only place phagocytosis can occur

A

in phagocytes

81
Q

what are phagocytes

A

cells specifically designed to engulf and break down bacteria or other foreign substances

82
Q

what is phagocytosis critical for?

A

protecting the body against disease

83
Q

what is bulk phase endocytosis also called

A

pinocytosis

84
Q

how does pinocytosis work

A

It is cell drinking

takes up tiny droplets of extracellular fluid

it takes in any and all solutes dissolved in the extracellular fluid

the plasma membrane folds inward and forms a vesicle containing a droplet of extracellular fluid

the vesicle detaches or pinches off from the plasma membrane and enters the cytosol

Vesicle fuses with a lysosome where enzymes break down and engulf the solutes

85
Q

what happens to the amino acids and fatty acids that are a result of pinocytosis

A

they leave the lysosome to be used elsewhere in the body

86
Q

what does exocytosis do

A

brings materials out of the cell

87
Q

what two types of cells are particularly important in exocytosis

A

cells that release digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus, or other secretions

nerve cells that release neurotransmitters

88
Q

how does exocytosis work

A

membrane enclosed vesicles form inside the cell, fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid

89
Q

what does the nucleus consist of and what does it do

A

nuclear envlope with pores, nucleoli, and chromatin (or chromosomes)

containes genes, which control cellular structure and direct most cellular activities

produces ribosomes in nucleoli

90
Q

what is the nuclear envelope

A

a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

91
Q

what do nuclear pores do

A

control the movement of substances in and out of the nucleus

92
Q

what is the nucleoli made of and what happens in the nucleoli

A

protein, DNA, and RNA
ribosomes are made

Anatomy Archives (34 decks)

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