Chapter 4 Second Half Flashcards
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Imprinting
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Critical Period
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
Basic trust
a sense of one’s identity and personal worth.
Self-Concept
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
Adolescence
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
Puberty
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.
Primary Sex Characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
Secondary Sex Traits
He sought to describe the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong.
Lawrence Kohlberg
before age 9, most children have a morality of self-interest: They obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.
Preconventional Morality
by early adolescence, morality usually evolves to a more c level that cares for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules.
Conventional Morality
some of those who develop the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought may come to a t
Postconventional Morality
The first menstrual cycle
Menarche
theorist that contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution.
Erik Erikson
one’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
Identity
in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
Intimacy
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
Menopause
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning.
Alzheimer’s disease
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.
Cross-Sectional Study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
Longitudinal Study
one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
Crystallized Intelligence
one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
Fluid Intelligence
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
Social Clock
- Make few demands and tend to submit to the wishes of their children.
- Children tend to have the final say.
Permissive parents
- Parents dictate rules and expect obedience.
- Parents are the bosses-they don’t believe they need to explain their actions or demands.
- A child should not ask questions.
Authoritarian parents
- Parents set and enforce rules after discussion with children.
- Discussion and negotiation take place between parent and child.
- Parents listen to their child’s wishes or suggestions but still have the final word.
Authoritative parents
