Chapter 4 Second Half

Question 0

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Answer 0

Imprinting

Question 1

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Answer 1

Critical Period

Question 2

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

Answer 2

Basic trust

Question 3

​a sense of one’s identity and personal worth.

Answer 3

Self-Concept

Question 4

​the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Answer 4

Adolescence

Question 5

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Answer 5

Puberty

Question 6

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

Answer 6

Primary Sex Characteristics

Question 7

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Answer 7

Secondary Sex Traits

Question 8

He sought to describe the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong.

Answer 8

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 9

before age 9, most children have a morality of self-interest: They obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.

Answer 9

Preconventional Morality

Question 10

by early adolescence, morality usually evolves to a more c level that cares for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules.

Answer 10

Conventional Morality

Question 11

some of those who develop the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought may come to a t

Answer 11

Postconventional Morality

Question 12

The first menstrual cycle

Answer 12

Menarche

Question 13

theorist that contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution.

Answer 13

Erik Erikson

Question 14

one’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

Answer 14

Identity

Question 15

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Answer 15

Intimacy

Question 16

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

Answer 16

Menopause

Question 17

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning.

Answer 17

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 18

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Answer 18

Cross-Sectional Study

Question 19

​research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

Answer 19

Longitudinal Study

Question 20

​one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Answer 20

Crystallized Intelligence

Question 21

one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Answer 21

Fluid Intelligence

Question 22

​the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Answer 22

Social Clock

Question 23

• Make few demands and tend to submit to the wishes of their children.
• Children tend to have the final say.

Answer 23

Permissive parents

Question 24

• Parents dictate rules and expect obedience.
• Parents are the bosses-they don’t believe they need to explain their actions or demands.
• A child should not ask questions.

Answer 24

Authoritarian parents

Question 25

• Parents set and enforce rules after discussion with children.
• Discussion and negotiation take place between parent and child.
• Parents listen to their child’s wishes or suggestions but still have the final word.

Answer 25

Authoritative parents