Chapter 4 First Half

Question 0

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Answer 0

Zygote

Question 1

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Answer 1

Developmental Psychology

Question 2

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

Answer 2

Embryo

Question 3

​the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Answer 3

Fetus

Question 4

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Answer 4

Teratogens

Question 5

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

Answer 5

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 6

a baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

Answer 6

Rooting Reflex

Question 7

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Answer 7

Habituation

Question 8

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Answer 8

Maturation

Question 9

revolutionized our understanding of children’s minds. Until Piaget, most people—forgetting their own preschool days—assumed children “simply knew less, not differently, than adults.” Thanks partly to his work, we now understand that “children reason in wildly illogical ways about problems whose solutions are self-evident to adults.”

Answer 9

Jean Piaget

Question 10

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Answer 10

Schemes

Question 11

​interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas.

Answer 11

Assimilation

Question 12

adapting one’s current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information

Answer 12

Accommodation

Question 13

​: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 13

Cognition

Question 14

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Answer 14

Sensorimotor Stage

Question 15

​the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Answer 15

Object Permanence

Question 16

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Answer 16

Preoperational Stage

Question 17

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Answer 17

Conservation

Question 18

​: in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

Answer 18

Egocentrism

Question 19

​: people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and ​thoughts and the behavior these might predict.

Answer 19

Theory of Mind

Question 20

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind.

Answer 20

Autism

Question 21

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Answer 21

Concrete Operational Stage

Question 22

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Answer 22

Formal Operational Stage

Question 23

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

Answer 23

Stranger Anxiety

Question 24

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Answer 24

Attachment